• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2019

Honey bees are important pollinators in agriculture, but are threatened by the pathogen Ascosphaera apis, which causes chalkbrood. Despite attempts to control this fungus using synthetic fungicides, none of them have been proven to be completely effective. Among 640 natural compounds that we tested, 4-hydroxyderricin (MIC=3.125, 6.25 mg/L after 24 h and 48 h growth, respectively) exhibited the strongest anti- Ascosphaera apis activity, followed by acetylshikonin (MIC=12.5 mg/L for 24 h and 48 h growth). 4-Hydroxyderricin showed selective growth inhibition of Ascosphaera apis and Rhizopus oryzae among tested fungus strains. Treatment 4-hydroxyderricin with miconazole revealed a synergistic effect (FICI=0.65±0.13 at 48 h incubation). These findings suggest that 4-hydroxyderricin, which has antifungal activity against Ascosphaera apis but few other fungal species, can effectively control infectious fungal diseases. Combined treatment of bees with 4-hydroxyderricin and miconazole could reduce cytotoxicity and improve the cost effectiveness of treatment.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.379-382
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• 2000

한국산 자초 적색소의 추출조건과 적색소를 확인한 결과 자초에서 색소성분의 추출은 지용성 용제가 물에 비해서 추출력이 좋으며 특히 95% 에탄올이 적색소 추출에 효과적이었다. 적색소 성분의 추출은 침출 시간에 관계없이 비교적 고른 추출력을 보였으며 4$0^{\circ}C$이하에서 20분 정도 추출하면 적색소가 충분히 추출되었다. 한국산 자초뿌리의 적색소 성분을 분리하여, IR, NMR. GC/MS로 확인한 결과 대부분이 acetylshi-konin으로 동정되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.565-569
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• 1998

An HPLC method was developed to resolve the enantiomers of shikonin derivatives of the Lithospermi Radix. The optimum mobile phase on a Chiracel AD column was 5% isopropanol in n-hexane with folw rate of 1 ml/min. Establishment of this method made possible to determine the ratios of shikonin/acetylshikonin or alkanin/acetylalkanin in the same root. The correlation of the ratios of these substance pairs appeared characteristic for the country where they were originated from. All of the Korean species showed significantly higher ratios of shikonin/acetylshikonin and alkanin/acetylalkanin than the Chinese ones. this method would be useful to determine the orgin of Lithospermi Radix.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.400-404
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of a hexane-soluble extract of the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, using a mouse brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition assay, led to the isolation of two known naphthoquinones, acetylshikonin and shikonin, and a furylhydroquinone, shikonofuran E. These compounds were shown to inhibit MAO with $IC_{50}$ values of 10.0, 13.3, and $59.1 {\mu}M$, respectively. Although no specificity for MAO-A and MAO-B was shown by acetylshikonin and shikonin, a Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that the inhibition was competitive for both MAO-A and MAO-B activity.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2000

최근 동물성 식품 및 지방 섭취 증가로 인한 현대인의 식생활 변화로 혈소판 활성화가 직접적 원인인 뇌 .심혈관질환의 사망률이 증가되고, 성인병 예방과 치료의 대처방안으로 식품의 기능성에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라서 천연착색료이며 항균, 항암 작용이 있는 자근(Lithospermum erythrorhizon)으로부터 추출, 분리 . 정제한 분획물에서 혈소판 활성화 억제작용이 있는 생리활성물질을 분리 . 동정하였다 자근에서 methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate 등의 용매추출물과 methanol 추출물에 NaOH프 처리한 n-hexane 추출물에 대한 혈소판 응집 억제작용은 collagen의 응집작용에 대하여 n-hexane재추출물이, thrombin의 응집작용에 대하여 ethyl acetate추출물이 큰 억제작용을 보였고, 이러한 추출물에서 컬림 및 HPLC로 분리 .정제한 5개 물질의 화학구조를 IH과 13C-NMR 스펙트라 분석한 결과 shikonin, acethylshi onin, isobutylshikonin, $\alpha$-methyl-n-butylshikonin, $\beta$,$\beta$-dimethylacrylshikonin을 확인하였고, 혈소판 응집 억제작용은 $\beta$,$\beta$-dimethylacrylshi onin$\geq$$\alpha$-methyl-n-butylshikonin>isobutylshikonin>acetylshikonin>shikonin순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 자근색소의 생리활성은 shikonin유도체이며 11번 탄소에 치환된 aliphatic 기의 탄소수가 많을수록 억제작용이 강하게 나타난다고 사료된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2006년도 한국약용작물학회 공동춘계학술발표회
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• pp.522-523
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• 2006

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2005

Research was undertaken to compare the pharmacological activity of Lithospermi radix (LR) reported as an oriental medicine for classical uses. LR contains naphthoquinone pigments : shikonin, acetylshikonin, isobutylshikonin, etc. LR is used for the treatment of excision wound, burn, eczema, blister, scarlatina and septicemia as antifebrile, antidotic and antiphlogistic. Gardeniae fructus (GF) has been used for the treatment to jaundice, hepatic disease, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and it contains crocin, geniposide and its derivatives. The therapeutic effects of burn and excision wound healing from LR & GF hydrogel with $Nano-ATP^{\circledR}$ (GLN) were investigated. To evaluate the therapeutic value of various hydrogels, thermal burn model and excision wound mouse model were used. The burn and wound reduction rate and therapeutic period were measured to calculate the healing extent after 5 experiments. The 2nd degree burn was prepared on hairless mouse back skin and dressing with collagen. The burn and wound reduction rate of GLN hydrogel treated group decreased more rapidly than that of other gel group in animal model. Furthermore therapeutic periods of GLN hydrogel treated group was shorter than that of other gel group. In anti-inflammatory test, GLN hydrogel treated group decreased edema rapidly than that of other gel group. These results suggest that the GLN hydrogel treatment has an therapeutic effect on burn and excision wound healing.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 1996년도 임시총회 및 제8차 학술발표회 진행표 및 발표논문 초록
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• pp.25-25
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• 1996

;Jindo Hongju is an unique red-colored traditional distilled wine of Korea. The unique attractive color of Jindo Hongju is due to the pigments of gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) root, derivatives of naphtoquinone such as shikonin and acetylshikonin. Which are extracted during the distillation process. The attractive color of the gromwell pigments is easily changed to dark red or to brown causing deterioration of the Quality of Jindo Hongju. Due to the discoloration of the pigments and to the limited supply of gromwell roots, some brewers manufacture spurious Jindo Hongju using artificial colorants. This study was performed to devise a simple method of detecting spurious Jindo Hongju products. The color of the gromwell pigments was greatly affected by pH change and the change could be demonstrated by the change of the absorption spectrum. At pH 4.0 the normal pH of Jindo Hongju, the absorption spectra of gromwell pigments and genuine Hongju products showed an absorption maximum of 520 nm. The absorption maximum was shifted to 570 nm and to 616 nm as the pH was raised to 7.0 and 11.0 respectively. This transition due to the pH change was also demonstrated on em chromaticity diagram. The characteristic transition due to pH change of gromwell pigment solution was not observed with an artificial colorant (red No.2) which was suspected to be used in the manufacture of imitation products. The absorption spectra of most of the Jindo Hongju collected from the market were similar to that of the gromwell pigments and showed the characteristic transition due to pH change with the addition of NaOH. However, with a few of the products, the absorption spectra was similar to that of the artificial colorant and the characteristic transition due to pH change was not observed, indicating these products might have been forged. The result of study suggests that the transition of the absorption spectrum and the change of the color due to pH change be used for the detection of imitation products. Farther more, since, at pH above 9.0, the color of the gromwell pigments and genuine Jindo Hongju could be visually differentiated from that of the artificial colorant and forged products, it might be possible that the forged products be easily detected by raising the pH to above 9.0 and visually comparing the color with that of the gromwell pigment at the same pH.me pH.