• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.377-386
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• 2012

To reduce the saturation level of lard, solvent fractionation with hexane and acetone was carried out. The fatty acid compositions of lard were 1.5% myristic acid, 26.0% palmitic acid, 2.2%, palmitoleic acid, 12.1% stearic acid, 44.7% oleic acid, and 12.7% linoleic acid. Lard was fractionated by various conditions such as different fractionation temperatures (-15, 5, 10, $15^{\circ}C$), solvent ratios (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:10, lard : solvent, w/v), and fractionation time (3, 6, 24 hr). At $-15^{\circ}C$, acetone was better for reducing the content (11.2%) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than hexane (10.8%) when the 1:5 solvent ratio was used at 24 hr. Triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography based on the partition number (PN) of TAG molecules. The PN of major TAG species in lard were 46 (24.4%), 48 (55.7%), and 50 (19.9%). However, after fractionation (1:5, $5^{\circ}C$ and 24 hr), TAG species with a PN of 46 (34.2%), 48 (54.4%), and 50 (6.9%) were major components in acetone-fractionated lard (liquid part), while TAG species with a PN of 46 (26.0%), 48 (50.3%), and 50 (19.0%) were in hexane-fractionated lard, suggesting that fractionation with acetone resulted in maximal reduction of saturation level in lard.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2023

Two important steps in utilizing technical kraft lignin (KL) from black liquor to synthesize lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin are its extraction via precipitation and fractionation. However, the effects of precipitation pH and acetone fractionation on the characteristics of hardwood KL have not been studied for LPF resins. Therefore, this paper reports the effects of the precipitation pH of black liquor and acetone fractionation on the characteristics of KL from mixed hardwood species for LPF resins. The precipitation was conducted at various pH levels from 3 to 9 of black liquor to obtain crude KL (C-KL), which was used in acetone fractionation to produce acetone-soluble KL (AS-KL) and acetone-insoluble KL (AI-KL). Precipitation at pH 3 and 9 produced the highest and lowest yields of C-KL, respectively. As expected, the C-KL infrared spectra were similar regardless of the precipitation pH levels. As the pH increased, the molecular weight of C-KL increased. However, the molecular weight of AS-KL and AI-KL after acetone fractionation increased to a maximum of 4,170 and 47,190 g/mol at pH 7, then decreased to 3,210 and 19,970 g/mol at pH 9, respectively. The smallest molecular weights of AS-KL and AI-KL were 3,210 and 15,480 g/mol and were found at pH 9 and 3, respectively. These results suggest that both AS-KL at pH 9 and AI-KL at pH 3 have good potential as starting lignins for synthesizing LPF resins that require cross-linking for polymerization.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.472-481
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• 2011

It is known that the content of saturated fatty acids methyl ester (SFAME) affect the pour point of biodiesel at low temperature. In this study, biodiesel (BD) was produced from beef tallow (TAL) by alkali catalyst. To reduce the saturation in BD, acetone fractionation was applied. Besides, TAL was also solvent-fractionated to reduce the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content for further producing BD. With acetone, TAL or TAL methyl ester (5:1 v/w) were fractionated at 10, 0, -10, and $-15^{\circ}C$, respectively. At $-10^{\circ}C$, 17.35% of SFA was observed in fractionated TAL (liquid part, -10TAL) when 5:1 solvent ratio was used for 24 hr. Under the same condition, fractionated BD (liquid part, -10BD) showed SFA (33.14%) with 78wt % yield. Also, fractionation of BD with different concentration of crystallizer 209 (0.1, 0.5, and 1%) along with different time (2, 6, 12, and 24 hr.) was observed. The best condition for reducing the SFA was 0.5% of crystallizer 209 addition for 12 hr of fractionation time at $-10^{\circ}C$, in which 30.14% of SFA content was observed in BD (liquid part). Among different crystallizer, ps 66 showed the least content of SFA content (23.28%) in BD after fractionation ($-10^{\circ}C$ and 24 hr) with 0.5wt% addition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.975-980
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• 2011

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-oleoyl glycerol (POO) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-palmitoyl glycerol (POP) were enriched from palm stearin using an acetone fractionation process. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the purity of POO ($Y_1$, %) and POP ($Y_2$, %) along with POO+POP content ($Y_3$, g) based on independent variables such as fractionation temperature ($X_1$, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$) and the ratio of palm stearin to acetone ($X_2$, 1:3, 1:6 and 1:9, w/v). Fractionation conditions were optimized to maximize $Y_1$, $Y_2$, and $Y_3$, in which fractionation temperature was $29.3^{\circ}C$ with a 1:5.7 acetone ratio. With such parameters, 60.9% of POP and 23.8% of POO purity were expected with a 75% yield (3.0 g) of POO and POP.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.458-465
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• 1999

Distribution of the proteolytic activities of crude pretense extracted from the viscera of ten kinds of fish was examined. Their proteolytic activities on proteinous substrates (azocasein, hemoglobin, and casein) from the viscera of anchovy, bastard flatfish, mackerel and red sea bream were higher than those of other fishes, and the crude pretenses were further fractoinated with acetone or ammonium sulfate. Optimum concentrations for pretenses fractionation were $0\~55\%$ for acetone and $30\~70\%$ for ammonium sulfate. The fractionated viscera pretense of mackerel showed the highest proteolytic activity among four kinds of fishes. Activities of cathepsin D- and pepsin-like enzymes at pH 3.0, cathepsin L-, B-, H- and G-like enzyme at pH 6,0, and Hypsin- and chymotrypsin- like enzymes (pH 8.0) were detected in the fractionated viscera pretense, whereas activities of cathepsin L- and chymoeypsin-like enzyme were observed in commercial pretenses. Proteolytic activities of Alcalase, Protamex, and Aroase AP-10 for azocasein were slightly higher than the fractionated viscera pretenses, but their amidolytic activities at pH 6.0 and 8.0 toward synthetic substrates were lower than counterpart. The fractionated pretenses from fish viscera would be utilized as commercial pretenses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Accurate analysis of fly ash particles is not trivial because of complex nature in physical and chemical properties. SPLITT fractionation (SF) was employed to fractionate the fly ash particles into subpopulations in large quantities. Then the SF-fractions were analyzed by the steric mode of sedimentation field-flow fractionation (Sd/StFFF) for size analysis. The SF-fractions were also analyzed by ICP-OES. The results showed that the fly ash is mainly composed of Fe, Ca, Mg and Mn. No particular trends were observed between the particle size and the concentrations of Fe, Ca, Mg, while Mn, Cu and Zn were in higher concentrations in smaller particles. Sample preparation procedures were established, where the fly ash particles were sieved to remove large contaminants, and then washed with acetone to remove organics on the surface of particles. The sample preparation and analysis methods developed in this study could be applied to other environmental particles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.142.1-142
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• 2003

Mono-, diacylglycerol were synthesized by glycerolysis of bran oil and glycerol using IM60 (an immobilized lipase) in a stirred batch reactor for 72 hours. After glycerolysis, the composition TAG, DAG, MAG in product was 41.7%, 44.7%, and 11.1%, respectively. Glycerol was separated, then this mixture product was undergone fractionation for winterization followed. The fractionation was performed using hexane and acetone solvent to reduce palmitic acid at the low temperature for overnight individually. Temperature was set -40$^{\circ}C$, -14$^{\circ}C$, -8$^{\circ}C$ and 0$^{\circ}C$, respectively. By considering results from this experiments, fractionation with hexane at -8$^{\circ}C$ was most efficient regarding to yield without crystallization.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2013

A protease inhibitor was fractionated from fish eggs using methods based on protein solubility. Fractionation efficiency was evaluated with regard to percent recovery and total inhibitory activity (U). The fractionation of protease inhibitor (PI) from egg extracts of skipjack tuna (ST, Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (YT, Thunnus albacores), and Alaska pollock (AP, Theragra chalcogramma) was performed by precipitation with cold acetone or ammonium sulfate (AS). Fractions exhibiting the strongest inhibitory activity contained 20-40% (v/v) cold acetone or 40-60% saturated AS fractions. AS fractionation was more effective in isolating PI than was precipitation with acetone. The total inhibitory activity and percent recovery of fraction obtained with AS 40-60% toward trypsin and $N{\alpha}$-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) were 4,976 U and 24.2% for ST, 3,331 U and 38.1% for YT, and 4,750 U and 43.8% for AP, respectively. In comparisons against six commercial proteases, 40-80% AS fractions, made by combining the 40-60% and 60-80% AS fractions from fish egg extract, exhibited the strongest inhibition of trypsin when using a casein substrate. These results suggest that fish eggs act as serine protease inhibitors and may be useful for protease inhibition in foodstuffs.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 1989

In order to fractionate sardine oil by different solvents for an effective use of fish oil being subjected to the limit of use, an attempt was to investigate the proper solvents, ratios and fractionation time. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The proper solvent of fractionation using ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and hexane was ethanol, and its optimum ratio was 2:1 (ethanol: oil, v/w). The proper time of ethanol fractionation by the ratio (2:1) was 4hr at $10^{\circ}C$, 6hr at $5^{\circ}C$, 8hr at $0^{\circ}C$and 8hr at $-5^{\circ}C$, respectively. 2. In the fractionation by stages using the ratio (2:1) at each temperature, the yield of stearine was 8％ at $10^{\circ}C$ (Fraction I), 32％ at $5^{\circ}C$ (Fraction II), 7％ at $0^{\circ}C$ (Fraction III) and 10％ at $0^{\circ}C$ (Fraction IV), respectively. When ethanol fractionation was undertaken at $5^{\circ}C$ by stages, the yield of stearine (Fraction II) was high. 3. Iodine value of Fraction II was 96.8. This result indicated that the hydrogenation process would be simplified by fractionation. 4. The percentage of the decrease of polyenoic acids from original sardine oil to Fraction II oil was from 30.5％ to 13.5％. The major fatty acids of Fraction II were palmitic and oleic acids and these fatty acids were about 52％ of total fatty acids. Therefore, Fraction II, which remained liquid oil at room temperature because solid fat content was 6.9％ at $20^{\circ}C$, would be used as frying oil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 1984

These experiments were conducted to purify the glucoamylase produced by Rhizopus oryzae. Two forms of glucoamylase (GI and GII) from Phizopus oryzae were purified by $(NH_2)_2SO_4$ fractionation, acetone fractionation and successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. The specific activities of GI and GII toward soluble starch were 157.6 U/㎎. protein (37.5 fold of crude extract), and 164.7 U/㎎. protein (39.2 fold of curde extract), respectively, and the yields of them were 4.3% and 3.8%, respectively. The two purified enzymes have shown a single band by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein bands of their electrophoresis gel were revealed to have glucoamylase activity by iodine staining and were proved to be glycoprotein by periodic acid Schiff's staining.