• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2017

Positioning signals transmitted by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites located at approximately 20,000 km height is very weak. For the reason, GPS signals are vulnerable to intentional jamming and unintentional disturbance. Recently, the number of jamming has been increased significantly all over the world. For the applications where continuous and reliable positioning is required when GPS jammers are activated, other positioning systems are strongly required. In this work, a set of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based transmitters and receivers utilizing Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio are designed and implemented. To eliminate the undesirable effects of GPS jamming, a frequency band which does not overlap L band is utilized. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, an experiment was performed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.4076-4092
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• 2019

Nowadays, most users access internet through mobile applications. The common way to authenticate users through websites forms is using passwords; while they are efficient procedures, they are subject to guessed or forgotten and many other problems. Additional multi modal authentication procedures are needed to improve the security. Behavioral authentication is a way to authenticate people based on their typing behavior. It is used as a second factor authentication technique beside the passwords that will strength the authentication effectively. Keystroke dynamic rhythm is one of these behavioral authentication methods. Keystroke dynamics relies on a combination of features that are extracted and processed from typing behavior of users on the touched screen and smart mobile users. This Research presents a novel analysis in the keystroke dynamic authentication field using two features categories: timing and no timing combined features. The proposed model achieved lower error rate of false acceptance rate with 0.1%, false rejection rate with 0.8%, and equal error rate with 0.45%. A comparison in the performance measures is also given for multiple datasets collected in purpose to this research.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2020

This study presents signal availability of inter-operable global navigation satellite system (multi-GNSS) combined with future Korean Positioning System (KPS), specifically at geosynchronous orbit (GSO). The orbit of KPS, which is currently under conceptual feasibility study, is first introduced, and the grid points for evaluating space service volume (SSV) at GSO are generated. The signal observabilities are evaluated geometrically between those grid points and KPS/GNSS satellites. Then, analyzed are the visibility averaged over time/space and outage time to not access one or four signals. The reduction of maximum outage time induced by KPS are presented with different maximum off-boresight angles depending on L1/E1/B1 and L5/L3/E5a/B2 frequencies. Our numerical analysis shows that the SSV of multi-GNSS combined with KPS provides up to 7 additional signals and could provide continuous observation time (zero outage time) of more than four GNSS or KPS signals for 3.20-14.83% of SSV grid points at GSO. Especially at GSO above North/South America and Atlantic region, the introduction of KPS reduces the outage duration by up to 63 minutes with L1/E1/B1 frequency.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2023

In this study, we design an optimized Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based GNSS signal processing technique with the goal of designing and implementing a GNSS Software Defined Receiver (SDR) that can operate in real time all-in-view mode under multi-constellation and multi-frequency signal environment. In the proposed structure the correlators of the existing GNSS SDR are processed by the GPU. We designed a memory structure and processing method that can minimize memory access bottlenecks and optimize the GPU memory resource distribution. The designed GNSS SDR can select and operate only the desired GNSS or desired satellite signals by user input. Also, parameters such as the number of quantization bits, sampling rate, and number of signal tracking arms can be selected. The computing capability of the designed GPU-based GNSS SDR was evaluated and it was confirmed that up to 2400 channels can be processed in real time. As a result, the GPU-based GNSS SDR has sufficient performance to operate in real-time all-in-view mode. In future studies, it will be used for more diverse GNSS signal processing and will be applied to multipath effect analysis using more tracking arms.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2024

Reliable and precise indoor localization is crucial for personal navigation, emergency rescue, and monitoring workers indoors. To use this technology in different applications, it is important to make it less dependent on infrastructure and to keep the error as small as possible. Fingerprinting stands out as a popular choice for indoor positioning because it leverages existing infrastructure and works with just a smartphone. However, its accuracy heavily relies on the quality of that infrastructure. For instance, having too few access points or beacons can greatly reduce its effectiveness. To reduce dependence on RF infrastructure, we have developed surface correlation (SC) using accumulated Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) signals This approach constructs a user mask for radio map comparisons using an accumulated RSSI vector and the trajectory of the user, which is estimated through PDR. The location with the highest correlation is considered as the user's position after comparison. Through a simulation, the performance of short RSSI vector-based technology and SC is analyzed, and future directions for the development of SC are discussed.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2008

Phase-change random access memory (PRAM) chip cell phase of amorphous state is rapidly changed to crystal state above 160 Celsius degree within several seconds during Infrared (IR) reflow. Thus, on-board programming method is considered for PRAM chip programming. We demonstrated the functional 512Mb PRAM with 90nm technology using several novel core circuits, such as metal-2 line based global row decoding scheme, PN-diode cells based BL discharge (BLDIS) scheme, and PMOS switch based column decoding scheme. The reverse-state standby current of each PRAM cell is near 10 pA range. The total leak current of 512Mb PRAM chip in standby mode on discharging state can be more than 5 mA. Thus in the proposed BLDIS control, all bitlines (BLs) are in floating state in standby mode, then in active mode, the activated BLs are discharged to low level in the early timing of the active period by the short pulse BLDIS control timing operation. In the conventional sense amplifier, the simultaneous switching activation timing operation invokes the large coupling noise between the VSAREF node and the inner amplification nodes of the sense amplifiers. The coupling noise at VSAREF degrades the sensing voltage margin of the conventional sense amplifier. The merit of the proposed sense amplifier is almost removing the coupling noise at VSAREF from sharing with other sense amplifiers.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2013

애드 혹 네트워크에서 반딧불 영감을 받은 접근 방식을 사용하는 분산 타이밍 동기 기술을 연구한다. 노드가 직교주파수분할다중접속 무선 인터페이스에서 통신하는 패킷 기반 통신을 하는 다중 반송파 시스템에 잘 적용될 수 있도록, 펄스의 결합진동자 이론에 기반한 반딧불 동기 알고리즘을 재조명한다. 주요 결과로써, 네트워크 내 노드수 및 네트워크 위상과 같은 다양한 네트워크 변수가 주어질 때, 타이밍 동기화 시간을 최소화 하는 방식에서 결합 함수 및 검파 임계값을 최적 설계함으로써 새로운 동기 코드 검파기를 소개한다. 실제적인 네트워크 환경에서 동기 상태로의 수렴을 보이기 위해 컴퓨터 모의실험을 수행한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.477-482
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• 2016

본 논문은 ECC(error correcting code)의 오버헤드를 고려한 패리티의 저장 정책 및 그에 따른 낸드 플래시 메모리 컨트롤러의 구조를 제안한다. 일반적인 낸드 플래시 메모리의 용법은 데이터 영역과 스페어 영역을 분리하는 것이다. ECC 패리티는 낸드 플래시 메모리에 데이터가 입력될 때 생성된다. 일반적으로 ECC의 메시지 길이는 낸드 플래시 메모리의 한 페이지 보다 작기 때문에, 각 메시지의 패리티를 모두 모아 스페어 영역에 저장하게 된다. 읽기 동작 시에는 데이터 영역에 이어 스페어 영역의 ECC 패리티까지 모두 읽은 후에 ECC 처리를 통한 데이터 정정이 가능하다. 이 때 발생하는 오버헤드를 줄이기 위해 데이터/스페어 영역의 구분없이 ECC 처리된 데이터와 패리티를 연속으로 저장하는 분산형 정책을 사용하였다. 제안된 분산형 정책과 기존의 수집형 정책의 오버헤드를 설계적인 측면과 타이밍 측면으로 분석하고, 그에 맞는 낸드 플래시 메모리 컨트롤러의 구조를 제시한다. 페이지의 크기에 따른 액세스 시간을 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석한 결과, 읽기 동작 시, 분산형 정책의 액세스 시간이 수집형 정책에 비해 짧았고 페이지의 크기가 커질수록 감소율이 컸다. 실험에 사용된 16KB의 페이지 크기를 갖는 낸드 플래시 메모리의 경우 분산형 정책의 액세스 시간이 수집형 정책에 비해 13.6% 감소하였다. 이는 4GB 크기의 영상 파일을 읽을 때 약 1분가량의 시간이 단축되는 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 또한 읽기 동작이 많은 SSD(solid state drive)의 특성 상 전반적인 시스템의 성능 향상을 기대할 수 있다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2010

현재 국내 영화 산업의 배급 구조는 멀티플렉스 체인으로 시장 대부분을 구성하고 있다. 이로 인해 대부분의 중소 영세 상영관들은 시장에서 퇴출되고 있으며, 멀티플렉스 체인은 수직결합 구조의 독점화로 시장 형성을 하고 있다. 춘천에서는 1개월간의 멀티플렉스 상영관의 상영 중단은 수직결합 구조의 문제를 발생시켰고, 이 문제현상으로 인해 많은 영향을 발생시켰다. 특히 문화적 욕구에 대한 영향이 나타났으며, 불법 콘텐츠로의 접근 문제를 야기하였다. 이 연구에서는 국내 수직결합 구조의 멀티플렉스 극장이 시장을 점유해 나가는 과정과 함께 병행되었던 중소 영세 상영관의 몰락이 진행되는 과정을 살펴보고, 이로 인해 수직결합 구조의 상영관이 수평결합 구조의 상영관을 시장에서 퇴출시키는 과정이 완성된 춘천 지역에서, 2008년 9월 27일부터 2008년 10월 30일까지 춘천CGV가 상영 중단되는 현상을 통해 발생되었던 영향을 설문을 통해 파악하여 수직결합 구조가 문제가 생기면 발생하는 영향을 알아보았다. 영화 산업의 주요 소비자인 20대 계층은, 멀티플렉스 휴관으로 인하여 개봉 영화에 대해 접근성이 약화되면, 불법 콘텐츠로의 접근 충동을 느끼는 영향을 받고 있다. 개봉 시기에 관람을 놓친 영화에 대해서는 상영관 방문보다는 불법 콘텐츠나 기록매체로 출시되는 영화를 선호하고 있다. 또한, 영화가 개봉되는 시기에 관람을 해야 하는 시기 적절성에 대한 영향을 받고 있었다. 즉, 개봉 영화에 대한 불법적 접근 방식, 기록매체를 활용한 상시 접근성, 개봉에 대한 시기 적절성이 관람 행태에 영향을 미치고 있다.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제6권11호
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• pp.3131-3139
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• 1999

Satisfying the rigid timing requirements of various real-time activities in real-time systems often requires some special methods to tune the systems run-time behaviors. Unbounded blocking can be caused when a high priority activity cannot preempt a low priority activity. In such situation, it is said that a priority inversion has occurred. The priority inversion is one of the problems which may prevent threads from meeting the deadlines in the real-time systems. It is difficult to remove such priority inversion problems in the kernel at the same time to bound the worst case blocking time for the threads. A thread is a piece of executable code which has access to data and stack. In this paper, a new real-time systems. It is difficult to remove such priority inversion problems in the kernel at the same time to bound the worst case blocking time for the threads. A threads is a piece of executable code which has access to data and stack. In this paper, a new real-time server model, which minimizes the duration of priority inversion, is proposed to reduce the priority inversion problem. The proposed server model provides a framework for building a better server structure, which can not only minimize the duration of the priority inversion, but also reduce the deadline miss ratio of higher priority threads.