• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

Dietary exposure assessment by ages was performed in this study using pesticide residues data examined in vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable intakes for Seoulites which were obtained after analysing the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data of 2008. There was a statistical difference for vegetable intakes by ages (P<0.001). Vegetable intake was the highest in 40~59 age group and was the lowest in under 5 age group. The %ADI was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and vegetable intake for Seoulites by ages. Considering below 1 of the %ADI by ages, the risk caused by pesticide residues in vegetables was very low and vegetable intake was safe.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.767-774
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• 1998

This study has been carried out to measure the amount of the daily intake by Korean on preservatives (Dehydroacetic acid, Benzoic acid and ρ-Hydroxybenzoic acid asters) in foods. The amounts of preservatives were determined by HPLC in foods such as butter, cheese, margarine, aloe gel, carbonated beverages, mixed beverage, ginseng beverage, red ginseng drink, soy sauce, fruit and vegetable juices (except unheated fruit-vegetable juice), vineger, seasonings, fruit and vegetables only on the peel, fruit wine, rice wine and unrefined rice wine. The recovery ranges were found to be 99.2% for dehydroacetic Acid, 95.8% for benzoic acid and $94.2{\sim}97.2%$ for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid in foods, respectively. The data of average food intake for each food items per capita per day were obtained from the report of national nutrition survey carried by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1997. The detected number of samples and average intake range of preservatives have been figured cut to $ND{\sim}290.0{\;}ppm$ for dehydroacetic acid, $ND{\sim}400.0{\;}ppm$ for benzoic acid and $ND{\sim}93.9{\;}ppm$ for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters, respectively. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of each additives per capita per day were shown as follows; 1.56 mg for dehydroacetic acid, 2.25 mg for benzoic acid and 0.44 mg for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters in total respectively and these values were evaluated to be much lower than that of FAO/WHO's acceptable daily intake (ADI) $0{\sim}5{\;}mg/kg$ b.w./day for benzoic acid and $0{\sim}10{\;}mg/kg$ b.w./day for ${\rho}-hydroxybenzoic$ acid esters.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

This study was conducted to monitor residual pesticides in ginseng and balloon flower roots and to assess their risk to human health. All of 112 samples consisted of ginseng and balloon roots were purchased from traditional domestic markets and supermarkets in nine provinces of Korea in 2012. Multi-residue analysis of 122 pesticides was conducted and the analysis was performed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector, gas chromatography- nitrogen/phosphorus detector, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Seven pesticides were detected in 12 root samples and the detection rate was 10.7%. The detected twelve root samples were 10 ginseng root samples and 2 balloon root samples. Pesticides detected in root samples were procymidone, kresoxim-methyl, endosulfan, cypermethrin, tralomethrin, tetraconazole and chlorfluazuron. Among them, two pesticides as tetraconazole in a balloon flower root and cypermethrin in a ginseng root exceeded the recommended maximum residue limit set by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Five pesticides detected from 10 root samples were identified as unregistered pesticides in Korea. In order to do risk assessment with Korean medicinal plant consumption, estimated daily intake of residual pesticides were determined and compared to acceptable daily intake, referring to %ADI values. The range of %ADI values was from 0.006% to 0.333%. Taken together, it demonstrates the pesticides found in the two root samples were below the safety margin, indicating no effect on human health.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the levels of pesticide residues in fruits and to assess their risk to human health. METHODS AND RESULTS: Monitoring of 215 samples of fruits collected from local markets in incheon during 2013 was performed. 259 pesticides were analyzed by multi-residue method and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and safe/Mass/Mass(QuEChERS/MS/MS) method using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector(GC-ECD/NPD), GC-MS, LC(Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass(LC-MS/MS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array/Fluorescence Detector(HPLC-PDA/FLD). In 56.3% of the samples detected pesticide residues and were not found to exceed Maximum Residue Limits(MRL). The highest detected samples were found in citrus fruits(83.9%). Among the detected compounds, carbendazim(13.1%), imazalil (11.7%), thiabendazole(10.7%) and fludioxonil(9.8%) were frequently found in fruits. A risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits was performed by calculating Estimated Daily Intake(EDI) and Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI). Also, we were evaluated removal efficiency of pesticide residues by washing and peeling. The removal efficiency of pesticide residues in citrus and tropical fruits by peeling processes were 91.6%. After the washing process, the removal rates were 43.1%(Cherry, Grape, Blueberry). CONCLUSION: The level of pesticide residues in fruits was within the MRL. The range of %ADI values was from 0.00011 to 0.98795%. The process of washing or peeling reduces the level of pesticide residues. The results of this research concluded that the detected pesticides are not harmful to human being.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

This survey was conducted to develop an appropriate management for safety of children snacks. In this study, monitorings of food additives such as nine kinds of tar colors (tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, indigo carmine, new coccine, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red and fast green FCF) which are sold at stationary store around the school, were performed. Eighty two samples (3 snacks, 71 candies, 4 chocolates and 4 beverages) were analyzed for tar colors. Results of risk assessment for tar colors were expressed as EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) comparing with ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake). The ratio of high risk group for tar color intake (95th) were 0-3.56%. The consumptions of tar colors from domestic and imported products for nine kinds of tar colors in candies were not significantly different. The results of this study indicated that each ED! of nine kinds of tar colors sold at stationary store around the school is much lower than each ADI in general. Consequently, the children snacks are thought to be safe for consumption.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.789-796
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• 2009

Benzoic acid (BA) and sorbic acid (SA) are the preservatives most commonly used in food. Although BA and SA are generally safe, some previous studies have shown that consumption of excessive amounts of these food additives can be a health hazard. The aim of this study was to determine the amounts of BA and SA in processed foods in Korea. Different brands of fruit juice, yogurt, cheese, dried fruits, jam, and margarine were purchased at a local market in Daejeon, Korea. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV detector. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a C18 column. Methanol acetate buffer (pH 4.4) at a 35:65 v/v ratio was used as the initial mobile phase to elute BA and SA. The detector wavelength was set at 254 nm. The average test results observed for BA concentrations in fruit juice, yogurt, cheese, dried fruits, jam, and margarine were $40.26{\pm}0.02$, $2.07{\pm}0.06$, $0.02{\pm}0.09$, $0.36{\pm}08$, $265.30{\pm}0.02$, and $27.34{\pm}0.08\;mg/kg$, respectively. Average concentrations of SA in these samples were $0.92{\pm}0.06$, $1.06{\pm}0.07$, $7.30{\pm}0.01$, $14.14{\pm}0.08$, $25.65{\pm}0.06$, and $4.81{\pm}0.07\;mg/kg$, respectively. Thus, the average levels of BA and SA in the studied food items were lower than the KFDA-permitted limits. Moreover, the estimated daily intake of both BA and SA by a typical consumer were below the maximum recommended daily values.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2020

This study analyzed mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, fumonisin B1, B2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone, using LC-MS/MS and conducted risk assessment on 54 samples of seeds distributed in SeoulYangnyeongsi and the management status of extramural herbal dispensary facility. The matched calibration showed a good linearity as observed in 6 concentration levels(r2>0.999) as a result of method validation applied with Arecae semen. Limits of detection(LOD) and quantification(LOQ) were in the range of 0.02-0.11 ㎍/kg and 0.08-0.34 ㎍/kg, respectively. Recoveries also estimated, ranging from 65.1-99.7% with relative standard deviation(RSD) 0.5-6.3%. As a result of the method on 54 samples, mycotoxins were detected in 16 samples. Among them, two Thujae semen showed a degree of concentration that exceeded the aflatoxin specification. In the risk assessment, the human exposure safety standard values were calculated as ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake) for aflatoxin B1, fumonisin and zearalenone. Ochratoxin A was calculated as PTWI(Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake). The MOE(Margine of Exposure) of aflatoxin B1 was in the range of 40.36-3536.88. And no items exceeded 100% in %TDI(Tolerable Daily Intake) and %TWI(Tolerable Weekly Intake) of fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin A.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

We tested for residual pesticide levels in dried vegetables in Seoul, Korea. A total of 100 samples of 13 different types of agricultural products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphate detector (GC-NPD), an electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$), a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD), and a high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). We used multi-analysis methods to analyze for 253 different pesticide types. Among the selected agricultural products, residual pesticides were detected in 11 samples, of which 2 samples (2.0%) exceeded the Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). We detected pesticide residue in 6 of 9 analyzed dried pepper leaves and 1 sample exceeded the Korea MRLs. Data obtained were then used for estimating the potential health risks associated with the exposures to these pesticides. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) range from 0.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for bifenthrin to 8.4% of the ADI for cadusafos. The most critical commodity is cadusafos in chwinamul, contributing 8.4% to the hazard index (HI). This results show that the detected pesticides could not be considered a serious public health problem. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

Lepimectin is a insecticide agent. In order to register this new pesticide, the series of toxicity data on animal testing were reviwed to evaluate its hazards to consumers and to determine its acceptable daily intake. Lepimectin was mostly excreted by feces. It has low acute oral toxicity while it has no dermal, ocular irritation and skin sensitization (As the result of subchronic, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity showed changes of hematology and clinical biochemistry parameter of serum and blood.). Two-generation reproduction toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and prenatal development toxicity were not proven. Therefore, the ADI for Lepimectin is 0.02 mg/kg/ bw/day, based on the NOAEL of 2.02 mg/kg/ bw/day of two-years carcinogenic toxicity study in rats and applying an uncertainty factor of 100.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1995

A rainfall runoff model described in this paper which is based on Basin- wide Ecological Model(BAWEM) calculates the fate of afro-chemicals in a watershed located of golf links. The rainfall runoff coefficients of afro-chemicals, which are the dominant parameters to predict the movement of agro-chemicals from soil and turfgrass to downstream water, are estimated. Also, the model is used to estimate the level of health risks the residents around golf links are exposed to. The fidelity of rainfall runoff model of afro-chemicals was validated by the observed data obtained during rainy period. The calculated results from this model were found to be in the same order of that of the observed. The rainfall runoff coefficients of four agro-chemicals used in golf links were 5.4$\times$$10^{-3}$, 1.9$\times$$10^{-3}$, 3.0$\times$$10^{-4}$ and 4.4$\times$$10^{-3}$ for flutolanil, isoprothiolane, chlorpyrifos and simazine, respectively The health risk level to the residents around golf links is evaluated to be rather low:the ratio of estimated dose through drinking water to the 10% of ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake) value or VSD for 10-a life time risk varied in the range of 0.005~0.04 and 0.003~0.11, respectively, for both the annual mean and maximum monthly mean cases.