• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.680-685
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a efficient noise power estimation technique for an integrated acoustic echo and noise suppression system in a frequency domain. The proposed method uses speech absence probability (SAP) derived from the microphone input signal as the smoothing parameter updating noise power to reduce the noise power estimation error resulted from the distortions in the unified structure where the noise suppression (NS) operation is placed after the acoustic echo suppression (AES) algorithm. Therefore, in the proposed approach, the smoothing parameter based on SAP derived from the input signal instead of echo-suppressed signal should stop updating noise power estimates during the distorted noise spectrum periods. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by the objective test under various environments and yields better results compared with the conventional scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2020

Due to the nature of the Rosenberg Method, the patient needs to maintain posture for a certain period of time, and the joint space is observed in various forms depending on the angle of knee flexion, which causes difficulties in examination. In order to solve these problems, Image quality was evaluated in order to evaluate the usefulness of the assistive device by making the assistive device itself. SNR and CNR analysis about the presence or absence of an assistive device using the extremity phantom and the angle of the assistive device itself were not statistically significant(p < 0.05). As a result of measuring the distance between the right and left edges of the medial condyle based on the presence or absence of an assist device, and the absence of assist device (96.00±40.6 mm) and presence of an assist device (134.86±17.68 mm) were statistically significant (p <0.05). To find the aLDFA relationship about the femur and tibia, we measured the right and left aLDFA based on the presence or absence of assist device. As a result, the absence of the right-side aLDFA assist device (74.63°±4.87) and the presence of assist device (79.64°±3.65) were statistically significant (p <0.05). The absence of the left-side aLDFA assist device (76.39°±4.62) and the presence of assist device (79.64°±3.65) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). but, As a result of measuring the distance of the overlapping parts of the right and left proximal tibiofibular joint and the lateral condyle, There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides. In conclusion, we confirmed that we can obtain Diagnostically valuable images with a constant knee-to-knee spacing using an assist device we self-created. In addition, we could learn through aLDFA relationship between femur and tibial that the smaller the angle, the more medial condyle overlaps with JSW, We also confirmed the significance by deriving similar values on the normal range values of aLDFA using assist devices. However, it is considered necessary to pay attention to internal and external rotations in order to obtain good quality images by evaluating the distance of overlapping parts between proximal tibiofibular joint and lateral condyle.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.321-341
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• 2001

Phytoliths of leaf blades of Oryza were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to assign the diagnostic character and taxonomic key for the genus. Some phytoliths such as stomatal apparatus, long-cell and short-cell, existing at the same position on the abaxial side of leaf blade, were intensively investigated because of their various forms documented in a previous study. These characters have value either for testing infrageneric classification or for identifying taxa within the genus. Stomatal phytolith is formed by integration of several kinds of sources, such as the guard and subsidiary cell and the papillae. The stomatal phytolith, characterized by not only the absence and presence of phytolith originated by the papillae developed on the guard and subsidiary cell but also their pattern of arrangement, shows various morphologies, and these features have congruent with the infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Long-cell phytolith is characterized by the absence/presence, arrangement and morphology of phytoliths originated by the papillae on the cell surface. These features may hardly have any systematic relevance within the genus, but contain some informations for identifying of species. All of short-cell phytoliths found are silica body. They form various shapes like cross, bilobate, saddlelike and trilobate, and these features are consistent with infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Also, some characters, the absence/presence of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip, the absence/presence of saddlelike phytolith within intercostal strip and the number of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip are various according to taxa, but these features do not fall into infrageneric classification. Some taxonomic keys on the phytoliths of stomatal, long-cell and short-cell were developed by their features, and the agreement between these characters and infrageneric classifications was also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.281-293
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• 1988

The effect of pH on the rate of PAH uptake was studied in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). In the absence of Na in incubation medium, a decrease in external $pH(pH_0)$ led to an increase in probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake by BLMV. In the presence of Na, the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake was unaltered when the $pH_0$ decreased from 8.0 to 6.0 but further decrease in $pH_0$ to 5.5 increased significantly the uptake. The probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake was not affected by an alteration in pH per se in the absence of a pH gradient with or without the presence of Na. However, the presence of Na stimulated the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake in all pH ranges tested over that measured in the absence of Na. A similar pattern of pH dependence on the PAH uptake was observed in BBMV but the presence of Na did not alter the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake in the presence and absence of a pH gradient. Kinetic analysis for BLMV showed that Na or pH gradient increased Vmax of the probenecid-sensitive PAH uptake without a change in Km value. These results suggest that PAH is transported by $OH^-/PAH$ exchange process in the luminal membrane, but the pH dependence in the BLMV is not unequivocally consistent with an anion exchange process. The PAH transport is dependent on Na in BLMV but not in BBMV.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2011

Modern medicine has early experienced the absence of mimesis and has been trying to replace the absence with objective grounds and experimental data. However, as medicine became science, the crisis of medicine spread more widely. Microscopic powers and violences are invisible, but individuals are powerless and vainly unable to resist. The anguish or introspection about the situation is sometimes described in stories such as An Engagement by Lee Eung Jun. An Engagement is mentioned in this article due to the writer's attitude, which shows his introspection and desire for harmony through the wounds of each trivial character. The writer is unceasingly talking about suffering people in his story and his seriousness enables readers to find his stronger sympathy over life and death than in any other medical stories. In fact, it is impossible for readers to comprehend the confusing propositions which the writer pours out, and even uncomfortable to read the story. Nevertheless, the propositions are always in contact with reality. Perhaps it is not the writer's confusing propositions that make us uncomfortable. It might be ourselves who are always alienated and starved. We can say that the characters' pains and wounds are phantom pains caused by the absence of mimesis. Since there is no affected area, their pains cannot be measured by only scientific medicine. However, the current medical profession regards objective research evidences as absolute truth and allows them to be the sole criterion. Although scientific skills such as DNA analysis and MRI scan can be the substitutes for doctors' judgment, so much of medicine is still interpersonal relationships. An Engagement. As a person promises to marry another, as all beings together in the world promise to subordinate to one another, every subject is consistently a valuable part of each other for the writer's eyes. He is aware that it is originally impossible to get engaged to the world, but he does not give up the possibility of genuine communication. In today's post-modernism society, where a large number of pathological views define the members and the world itself, endless questioning of existence and digging into pathology will be the only way to reduce the gap between individuals and their world. This article does not say that a literary work will lead the change of medical paradigm. It sprang from a desire for medical humanities to gain more interest of the medical field, where the encounter between literature and medicine is still unfamiliar, and to make medical education recognize the importance of humanities. Starting with this work, I believe that the humanities will help us to find the solution to the age of absence of mimesis and to the crisis of medicine.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.179-205
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is about to consider the structure of dualistic recognition between "Gang-Ho"(ideal sanctuary) and real world in the "Songs of Fisherman" written by Lee Hyeon Bo. In order to do this job, I analized the arrangement of the contents and extract the exact in and outward meaning of elements and expressions; usage of them between lines of this Song. Based on these works, I tried to explain the confronted recognitions of the two worlds. At the first, about the arrangement and contents of this poem, It is consisted of 5 independent sub-poems and each of them are describing the value of fisherman's life(at the poem 가), separation from mundane world(나), satisfaction of fisherman's life(다), nature of "Gnag-Ho"(라), domiciliation in the place(마). It looks like that the writer intended to have the arrangement probability and likelihood connecting poems. Secondly, It contrast the nature of the "Gang-Ho" and real world. The sanctuary is a place of 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' that could afford one's harmonious life. On the other hand, the real world is a troublesome place which always conflicts political confrontations. For those reasons, the writer wants to satisfy with his living in "Gang-Ho" separating himself from the real world. Thirdly, The nature of "Gang-Ho" is 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' that one could be deserved his diligency becoming a part of the harmonious idealistic living place. Fourthly, on the character of story teller. Originally he is a incomer of "Gang-Ho" from real world. so that reason, he is showing dualism not to deny the loyalty oath to his king, while he intends to satisfy with the life in "Gang- Ho" separating himself from real world. As a gentry, at that time, the loyalty oath is inevitable one and that is found from writer's other works either. Fifthly, Characters of the different world recognition. The main reason of his intention to "Gang-Ho" roots on out of worldly confrontations, his separation from real world is on a joyous peaceful life just like in "Gang-Ho". this study believes the writer imply that 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' of "Gang-Ho", be a key role to resolve the confrontation of real world. Lee Hyeon Bo himself regards the two elements as a advisable attitude of life. At last, Seeing the writer's other work and literature's educational effect, this study defines that even if the poem outwardly express one's lyricism but inside it warns governors ruling attitude.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.831-834
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• 2010

Purpose: Congenital absence of the vagina is a rare case. It occurs as a result of Mullerian duct aplasia or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. The reconstructive modality includes skin graft, use of intestine and various methods of flap. We report a patient who underwent vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flap to reconstruct congenital absence of the vagina, while the external genitalia and ovaries are normal. Methods: A 26-year-old woman presented with vaginal agenesis. Under general anesthesia, a U-shaped incision was made between the urethral meatus and the anus. The new vaginal pocket was created up to the level of the peritoneal reflection between the urinary structures and the rectum. Next, the vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flaps were designed in a rectangular fashion. Flap elevation was begun at the lateral margin which the adductor longus fascia was incised and elevated, and the superficial perineal neurovascular pedicle was invested by the fascial layer. The medial border was then elevated. A subcutaneous tunnel was created beneath the inferior of the labia to rotate the flaps. The left vulvoperineal flap was rotated counterclockwise and the right was rotated clockwise. The neovaginal pouch was formed by approximating the medial and lateral borders. The tubed neovagina was then transposed into the cavity. Results: In 3 weeks, the vaginal canal remained supple After 6 weeks, the physical examination showed normalappearing labia majora and perineum with an adequate vaginal depth. A year after the operation, the patient had a 7 cm vagina of sufficient width with no evidence of contractures nor fibrous scar formation. The patient was sexually active without difficulty. Conclusion: Although many methods were described for reconstruction of vaginal absence, there is not a method yet to be approved as a perfect solution. We used the vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flap to reconstruct a neovagina. This method had a following merits: a single-stage procedure, excellent flap reliability, the potential for normal function, minimal donor site morbidity and no need for subsequent dilatation, stents, or obturators. We thought that this operation has a good anatomic and functional results for reconstruction of the vagina.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2995-2999
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• 2016

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often presents as an interval cancer with short survival upon metastasis and thus represents an important clinical challenge. The present study investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics and long term survival outcome of early and locally advanced TNBC. Materials and Methods: Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for 148 consecutive confirmed cases of TNBC treated in a single unit at our centre. Demographic profile, tumor type, histopathology details, treatment and follow-up information was recorded and immunohistochemistry was performed. Results: Age group >50 years was associated with tumors of clinical stage 3 (53.8%), pathological stage 3 (46.2%), pathological grade 3 (45.7%), presence of extracapsular extension (ECE, 48.5%) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI, 64.9%). Locally advanced breast cancers (LABCs) were characterized by pathological stage 3 (96.2%), presence of ECE (100%) and absence of LVI (46.7%) as compared to early breast cancers (EBCs) which had higher incidence of lower stage tumors (100%), absence of ECE (82%) and presence of LVI (91.9%; p-value <0.001. Better relapse free survival was observed in patients with no axillary involvement (69%; p-value <0.001) and absence of ECE (64%; p-value <0.001). Improved overall survival was seen in patients with EBC (90%; p-value 0.008), clear axilla (86%; p-value <0.001), absence of ECE (87%; p-value <0.001) and negative lymph nodes (90%; p-value 0.006). Conclusions: TNBCs are aggressive tumors which show poor long term survival. Patients with TNBC benefit from chemotherapy, thus better and less toxic treatment options are needed. Identification of newer targets and development of targeted therapies are the need of the hour.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2024

Pulse-like ground motion can cause greater damage to structures than nonpulse-like ground motion. Currently, much research is being conducted to determine the presence or absence of velocity pulses and to quantify them from seismic-acceleration records. Existing ground motion is divided into far-field (FF) and near-fault ground motion, based on the distance of the measurement point from the fault. Near-fault ground motion is further classified into near-fault pulse-like (NFP) and near-fault nonpulse-like (NFNP) ground motion by quantifying the presence or absence of velocity pulses. For each ground motion group, 40 FF, 40 NFP, and 40 NFNP ground motions are selected; thus, 120 ground motions are used in the seismic analysis to assess the seismic fragility of sample bridges. Probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) are created by evaluating the seismic responses of two types of sample bridges with lead-rubber and elastomeric rubber bearings using three groups of ground motions. Seismic fragility analysis is performed using the PSDM, and from these results, the effect of the presence or absence of seismic velocity pulses on the seismic fragility is evaluated. From the comparison results of the seismic fragility curve, the seismic fragility of NFP ground motion appears to be approximately three to five times greater than that of NFNP ground motion, according to the presence or absence of a velocity pulse of seismic waves. This means that the damage to the bridge is greater in the case of NFP ground motion than that in the case of NFNP ground motion.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.96.1-96.1
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• 1986