• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.4 s.165
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• pp.299-311
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• 2006

In this paper it is outlined the methodology of estimating the parameters of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge, using ground water level rises in monitoring well when values of specific yield of aquifer are not available. This methodology is applied for two monitoring wells of the case study area in northern area of the Jeiu Island. A water balance of soil layer of plant rooting zone is computed on a daily basis in the following manner. Diect runoff is estimated by using SCS method. Potential evapotranspiration calculated with Penman-Monteith equation is multiplied by crop coefficients($K_c$) and water stress coefficient to compute actual evapotranspiration(AET). Daily runoff and AET is subtracted from the rainfall plus the soil water storage of the previous day. Soil water remaining above soil water retention capacity(SWRC) is assumed to be recharge. Parameters such as the SCS curve number, SWRC and Kc are estimated from a linear relationship between water level rise and recharge for rainfall events. The upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$) at the monitoring well location is derived from the relationship between rainfall and the resulting water level rise. The specific yield($n_c$) and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) are calculated from a linear relationship between observed water level rise and calculated recharge for the different simulations. A set of parameter values with maximum value of $R^2$ is selected among parameter values with calculated specific yield($n_c$) less than the upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$). Results applied for two monitoring wells show that the 81% of variance of the observed water level rises are explained by calculated recharge with the estimated parameters. It is shown that the data of groundwater level is useful in estimating the parameter of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.127-141
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) on anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-febrile and immune response on the arthritis of carrageenan-induced animals. Methods and Materials : Rats were classified into control and sample groups which are 7 individuals each for the experiments about anti-inflammatory and anti-febrile. Each of the 7 mice were classified into normal, control, sample groups for the analgesic experiments. Gamichangbai-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) was administered to sample group and normal saline was administered to normal and control groups. Arthritis was induced by injection of 1% carrageenan $0.1m{\ell}$ and Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) was administered after 30 minutes. The change of edema in Carrageenan-induced Arthritic Rats' Paws was measured after 1 hour and 5 hours from the injection of carraqeenan with Plethysmometer(7150, UGO BASILE, ltaly) by Winter' method. WBC, Lymphocyte and ESR were measured by heart puncture and CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio were measured from the spleen tissue. Writhing syndrom was measured with Tail flick unit(UGO BASILE, Italy) in the experiments conducted to check the analgesic activity. The temperature of the paws of carrageenan-induced arthritic rats was measured by Laser thermometer. Rectal temperature was measured by Yeast's method in anti-febrile experiments. Immune response was measured by CD4+, CD8+ T cell ratio and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Results : 1. It was recognized that Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) decreased the increase rate of Paw Edema effectively with statistical significance. 2. It was recognized that Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) decreased WBC, Lymphocyte and ESR with statistically high significance. 3. It was recognized that Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) did not show significant analgesic effect, but the Pressure pain threshold of the paws was increased with statistical significance. 4. It was recognized that Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) decreased rectal temperature effectively and had an anti-febrile effect about the febrile of a joint with statistical significance. 5. It was recognized that Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) increased CD4+ T cell ratio with statistically high significance and increased CD+8 T cell ratio with statistical non significance but increased CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio effectively with statistical significance, too. Conclusions : According to the above results, it can be concluded Gamichangbaek-san(Jiaweichangbai-san) showed the treatment effects on the artificial arthritis resulted from carageenan in rats and it is suggested that more interest and study in the security for the clinical use were needed.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.3-27
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• 2012

The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted in 1929. In 1999, the ICAO adopted the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air vastly modernizing the unification of private air law. The Montreal Convention replaced the instruments of the Warsaw system, and came into force on 4 November 2003. The Montreal Convention is not only an international convention. It has also exercised a considerable influence on national legislation. Korea has made the national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act on April 29, 2011, and it has brought into force on November 24, 2011. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act of Korea has the provisions on the liability for damage caused to passenger, the liability for damage caused to baggage, and the liability for damage caused to cargo. The main feature of the liability regime of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention is the two-tier liability system for death or injury of the passenger with strict liability up to 100,000 SDR and presumptive liability with a reversed burden of proof without any limit above that threshold. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Commercial Act of Korea has adopted the main principles of the liability of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention. In conclusion, the national legislation relating to the liability of the air carrier by the Korean government will contribute to settle efficiently the dispute on the carrier' liability in respect of the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air, and to provide proper compensation to the passenger or consignor who has suffered damage, subject to the defenses and limitations it sets out.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 2008

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic threshold (ET) were estimated for the two spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) on greenhouse eggplants. T. urticae density increased until the mid-July and thereafter decreased in all plots where initial density of the mite were different each 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant was innoculated on June 7. Growth variables of were not different among experimental plots but fruit weights were lower in plots with higher initial mite density than in plots with lower initial mite density. Total number of fruits and the number of marketable fruits decreased in plots with higher initial mite density. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density, resulting in 0, 3.9, 11.3, 14.5, 22.8% reduction in each of the above plots, respectively. The relationship between initial T. urticae densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 1.085X + 2.474, $R^2$ = 0.9659. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 1.8.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.213-231
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• 2015

In this paper, I examine whether the listed companies in Korea tend to manage operating cash flows upward via classification shifting after the adoption of K-IFRS. As proxies for cash flow management, I derive a measure of abnormal operating cash flows borrowing from Lee(2012). Alternative proxies include a series of categorical variables designed to identify the types of classification shifting of interest and dividend payments among others, in the statement of cash flows. Higher level of estimated abnormal operating cash flows, and the classification of interest/dividend payments in non-operating activity sections are considered to indicate the managerial intention to maximize reported operating cash flows. I consider several potential incentives to manage operating cash flows, which include financial distress, the credit rating proximity to investment/non-investment cutoff threshold, avoidance of negative or decreasing operating cash flows relative to previous period and so forth. In a series of empirical analyses, I do not find evidence in support of the opportunistic classification shifting explanation, inconsistent with several previous literature in Korea. In contrast, I observe negative associations between the CFO management proxies and selected incentives, which suggest that the classification is likely to represent above average cash flow performance rather than opportunistic motives exercised to maximize reported operating cash flows. I reckon that this observation is, in part, driven by the K-IFRS requirement to maintain temporal consistency in classifying interest and dividend receipts/payments in cash flow statement.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.385-402
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• 2002

This study examined temporal and spatial patterns of bioclimatic perceived sultriness in South Korea by analyzing the climatology of heat index calculated from ambient temperature and relative humidity for the period of 26 years (1973-1998). As results, spatially, bioclimatic sultriness above all thresholds frequently occurred mainly in the central western inner area, the southwestern inner area, and the southeastern inner area of South Korea. Especially, Miryang in the southeastern inner area of South Korea was proved to be, bioclimatically, the sultriest area in South Korea that has recorded frequent high heat index. Temporally, frequency of sultriness in the contiguous South Korea significantly increased in the 1990s. Specifically, In 1994, frequencies of heat index exceeding each threshold was the highest all over South Korea. Normally, the sultriness with high heat index exceeding 40.6$^{circ}C$ occurred mainly for the period of between the end of July generally after Summer Changma and the beginning of August before another small rainy season of years. These temporal-spatial distributions of bioclimatic sultriness in South Korea showed various patterns regionally, affected by physical and anthropogenic climatic factors such as topography, latitude, altitude, water bodies or aforestration, urbanization, and industrialization as well as movements of large-scale air masses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

As an alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation for the control of quarantine pests of pears (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Niitaka), the effect of gamma irradiation (0.5~3 kGy) was comparatively investigated. Insects found in the pears were identified Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi Koch, which were of quarantine importance. These insects were easily destroyed by MeBr even one day after fumigation. Whereas irradiation at 0.5~2 kGy was not enough to reach the mortality, even if 3 kGy showed the same mortality as MeBr after 17 days of treatment. Respiration of pears was stimulated by both increased doses of irradiation and MeBr fumigation. The rates of surface blackening and core browning were accelerated by MeBr rather than higher doses of irradiation. While the changes in flesh firmness and surface color were more apparent in irradiated samples at above 2 kGy than MeBr. There were negligible differences in the contents of titratable acidity, acetaldehyde and ethanol by the treatment conditions except for 3 kGy-irradiated group. Sensory evaluation showed that mere than 1 kGy was the threshold to induce the significant changes in quality of pears.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates cortical excitability beyond the duration of the rTMS trains themselves. Depending on rTMS parameters, a lasting inhibition or facilitation of cortical excitability can be induced. Therefore, rTMS of high or low frequency over motor cortex may change certain aspects of motor learning performance and cortical activation. This study investigated the effect of high and low frequency subthreshold rTMS applied to the motor cortex on motor learning of sequential finger movements and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI). Three healthy right-handed subjects (mean age 23.3) were enrolled. All subjects were trained with sequences of seven-digit rapid sequential finger movements, 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days using their left hand. 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) trains of rTMS with 80% of resting motor threshold and sham stimulation were applied for each subject during the period of motor learning. rTMS was delivered on the scalp over the right primary motor cortex using a figure-eight shaped coil and a Rapid(R) stimulator with two Booster Modules (Magstim Co. Ltd, UK). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner before and after training in all subjects (35 slices per one brain volume TR/TE = 3000/30 ms, Flip angle $60^{\circ}$, FOV 220 mm, $64{\times}64$ matrix, slice thickness 4 mm). Response time (RT) and target scores (TS) of sequential finger movements were monitored during the training period and fMRl scanning. All subjects showed decreased RT and increased TS which reflecting learning effects over the training session. The subject who received high frequency rTMS showed better performance in TS and RT than those of the subjects with low frequency or sham stimulation of rTMS. In fMRI, the subject who received high frequency rTMS showed increased activation of primary motor cortex, premotor, and medial cerebellar areas after the motor sequence learning after the training, but the subject with low frequency rTMS showed decreased activation in above areas. High frequency subthreshold rTMS on the motor cortex may facilitate the excitability of motor cortex and improve the performance of motor sequence learning in normal subject.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of magnesium (Mg) concentrations in nutrient solution on growth of and nutrient uptake by 'Maehyang' strawberry. Tissue analysis based on dry weight and petiole sap were also conducted to determine the threshold level in plants when Mg deficiency disorders developed in strawberry plants. In the Mg deficient plants, the spotted yellowing or yellowing area developed on the interveinal area of mature leaves. The dark brown color also developed on the interveinal area of mature leaves with marginal browning or marginal necrosis. The response in dry weight production of 'Maehyang' strawberry to elevated Mg concentrations in nutrient solution was quadratic and the equation is y=6.84+1.7533x-$0.9278x^2$ $(R^2=0.1081^{***})$. But the Mg contents in tissue increased lineally with the equation of y=0.1764+0.1275x $(R^2=0.8307^{***})$. The trends of fresh weight production and Mg concentrations in petiole sap were also quadratic (y=24.127+7.3565x-$1.125x^2$, $R^2=0.2314^{^***}$) and linear (11.954+5.793x, $R^2=0.6869^{***}$), respectively. To prevent growth suppression, the Mg concentrations based on dry weight of above ground tissue and in petiole sap should be in the range of 0.30 to 0.65% and 19 to $40mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, fer the commercial production of 'Maehyang' strawberry.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1476-1484
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• 2004

Aging is characterized by an age-dependent reduction in bone density. Pronounced bone loss by postmenopausal estrogen deficiency induces a bad effect on dynamic balance of bone metabolism. When the bone density is reduced to the level below the fracture threshold, the risk for fracture is greatly increased. The purpose of this study is to examine what are the effects of the Guisinhwan(GSH : 歸腎丸) on the ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The results of the experiment are as follows: Body weight in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. The level of serum albumin in control group showed significant decrease in comparison with sham. That in GSH-treated was slightly decreased in comparison with control. The level of serum ALP activity in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated was significantly decreased in comparison with control. The level of serum phosphorous, calcium, GOT, GPT, T3 did not significant change among the three groups. The level of serum estrogen in control group showed slightly decreased in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. The level of serum T4 in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated was significantly decreased in comparison with control. Trabecular bone area as well as trabecular thickness in control group showed significant decrease In comparison with sham. Those in GSH-treated showed significant increase in comparison with control. Trabecular number did not significant change among the three groups. Trabecular separation only in GSH-treated showed significant decrease in comparison with control. Osteoclast number in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham. That in GSH-treated showed significant decrease in comparison with control. Oseoblast surface in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. According to the above these results, GSH has shown to be capable of preventing and curing osteoporosis caused by old-aged and postmenopause.