• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.84-88
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• 2012

Purpose: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, is the most frequent single gene disorder to affect the nervous system. Unidentified bright objects (UBOs) are commonly observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with NF1. However, their clinical and pathologic significance is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between UBOs and cerebral glucose metabolism measured by $^{18}F$-2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ($^{18}F$-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in Korean patients with NF1. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 75 patients (34 males and 41 females) with NF1 who underwent brain MRI and PET between 2005 and 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical data including demographics, neurological symptoms, and brain MRI and PET findings, were reviewed. Results: UBOs were detected in the brain MRI scans of 31 patients (41%). The region most frequently affected by UBOs was the basal ganglia. The most frequent brain PET finding was thalamic glucose hypometabolism (45/75, 60%). Of the 31 patients with UBOs, 26 had thalamic glucose hypometabolism on brain PET, but the other 5 had normal brain PET findings. Conversely, of the 45 patients with thalamic glucose hypometabolism on brain PET, 26 showed UBOs on their brain MRI scans, but 19 had normal findings on brain MRI scans. Conclusion: UBOs on brain MRI scans and thalamic glucose hypometabolism on PET appear to be 2 distinctive features of NF1 rather than correlated symptoms. Because the clinical significance of these abnormal imaging findings remains unclear, a longitudinal follow-up study of changes in clinical manifestations and imaging findings is necessary.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.137-160
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• 2003

The association between accounting earnings and the stock price of an entity is the subject that has been most heavily researched during the past 25 years in accounting literature. Researcher's common finding is that there are positive relationships between accounting earnings and stock prices. However, the explanatory power of accounting earnings which was measured by $R^2$ of regression functions used was rather low. To be connected with these low results, The prior studies propose that there will be additional information, errors in variables. This study investigates empirically determinants of earnings response coefficients(ERCs), which measure the correlation between earnings and stock prices, using earnings level / change, as the dependent variable in the return/earnings regression. Specifically, the thesis tests whether the factors such as earnings persistence, growth, systematic risk, image, information asymmetry and firm size. specially, the determinable variables of ERC are explained in detail. The image / information asymmetry variables are selected to be connected with additional information stand point, The debt / growth variables are selected to be connected with errors in variables. In this study, The sample of firms, listed in Korean Stock Exchange was drawn from the KIS-DATA and was required to meet the following criteria: (1) Annual accounting earnings were available over the 1986-1999 period on the KIS-FAS to allow computation of variables parameter; (2) sufficient return data for estimation of market model parameters were available on the KIS-SMAT month returns: (3) each firm had a fiscal year ending in December throughout the study period. Implementation of these criteria yielded a sample of 1,141 firm-year observation over the 10-year(1990-1999) period. A conventional regression specification would use stock returns(abnormal returns) as a dependent variable and accounting earnings(unexpected earnings) changes interacted with other factors as independent variables. In this study, I examined the relation between other factors and the RRC by using reverse regression. For an empirical test, eight hypotheses(including six lower-hypotheses) were tested. The results of the performed empirical analysis can be summarized as follows; The first, The relationship between persistence of earnings and ERC have significance of each by itself, this result accord with one of the prior studies. The second, The relationship between growth and ERC have not significance. The third, The relationship between image and ERC have significance of each by itself, but a forecast code doesn't present. This fact shows that image cost does not effect on market management share, is used to prevent market occupancy decrease. The fourth, The relationship between information asymmetry variable and ERC have significance of each by. The fifth, The relationship between systematic risk$(\beta)$ and ERC have not significance. The sixth, The relationship between debt ratio and ERC have significance of each by itself, but a forecast code doesn't present. This fact is judged that it is due to the effect of financial leverage effect and a tendency of interest.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 2017

Previous reports have suggested that physical and psychological stresses may trigger fibromyalgia (FM). Stress is an important risk factor in the development of depression and memory impairments. Antidepressants have been used to prevent stress-induced abnormal pain sensation. Among various antidepressants, tianeptine has been reported to be able to prevent neurodegeneration due to chronic stress and reverse decreases in hippocampal volume. To assess the possible effect of tianeptine on FM symptoms, we constructed a FM animal model induced by restraint stress with intermittent cold stress. All mice underwent nociceptive assays using electronic von Frey anesthesiometer and Hargreaves equipment. To assess the relationship between tianeptine and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed. In behavioral analysis, nociception tests showed that pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group compared to that in the control group. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus showed downregulation of BDNF and p-CREB proteins in the FM group compared to the control group. However, tianeptine recovered these changes in behavioral tests and protein level. Therefore, this FM animal model might be useful for investigating mechanisms linking BDNF-CREB pathway and pain. Our results suggest that tianeptine might potentially have therapeutic efficacy for FM.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of paper is studying the static and dynamic side for long-term memory storage properties, and increase the explanatory power regarding the long-term memory process by looking at the long-term storage attributes, Korea Composite Stock Price Index. The reason for the use of GPH statistic is to derive the modified statistic Korea's stock market, and to research a process of long-term memory. Research design, data, and methodology - Level shifts were subjected to be an empirical analysis by applying the GPH method. It has been modified by taking into account the daily log return of the Korea Composite Stock Price Index a. The Data, used for the stock market to analyze whether deciding the action by the long-term memory process, yield daily stock price index of the Korea Composite Stock Price Index and the rate of return a log. The studies were proceeded with long-term memory and long-term semiparametric method in deriving the long-term memory estimators. Chapter 2 examines the leading research, and Chapter 3 describes the long-term memory processes and estimation methods. GPH statistics induced modifications of statistics and discussed Whittle statistic. Chapter 4 used Korea Composite Stock Price Index to estimate the long-term memory process parameters. Chapter 6 presents the conclusions and implications. Results - If the price of the time series is generated by the abnormal process, it may be located in long-term memory by a time series. However, test results by price fixed GPH method is not followed by long-term memory process or fractional differential process. In the case of the time-series level shift, the present test method for a long-term memory processes has a considerable amount of bias, and there exists a structural change in the stock distribution market. This structural change has implications in level shift. Stratum level shift assays are not considered as shifted strata. They exist distinctly in the stock secondary market as bias, and are presented in the test statistic of non-long-term memory process. It also generates an error as a long-term memory that could lead to false results. Conclusions - Changes in long-term memory characteristics associated with level shift present the following two suggestions. One, if any impact outside is flowed for a long period of time, we can know that the long-term memory processes have characteristic of the average return gradually. When the investor makes an investment, the same reasoning applies to him in the light of the characteristics of the long-term memory. It is suggested that when investors make decisions on investment, it is necessary to consider the characters of the long-term storage in reference with causing investors to increase the uncertainty and potential. The other one is the thing which must be considered variously according to time-series. The research for price-earnings ratio and investment risk should be composed of the long-term memory characters, and it would have more predictability.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.61-76
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• 2006

Purpose : This study examined the non-toxic and the anti-oxidative effect of Dioscoreae Rhizoma on PC12 cells. Sanyak(Dioscoreae Rhizoma; chinese yam, shan yao) is well-known for its curing power for kidney, lung, spleen. Tonifies and augments the spleen and stomach. Tonifies the lung gi and augments the kidney yin. Tonifies the kidneys and also stabilizes and binds. it also binds the essence and treats spermatorrhea, frequent urination, and vaginal discharge. We are therefore interested in whether Dioscoreae Rhizoma is capable of causing abnormal apoptosis processes, and whether this condition can be rectified through Dioscoreae Rhizoma herb treatment. Methods : We used aqueous extract to treat PC12 cells with different concentrations treated with a water or a MeOH extract of Dioscoreae Rhizoma (0, x10, x20, x40, x80). The MTT (3, (4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetraxolium bromide) reduction assay was employed to quantify the differences in cell activity and viability. The Bax expression level was monitored using western-blotting techniques. The patterns of the changes in expression were scanned and analyzed. Results : Bax and GSK-3${\beta}$ promotes cell death and down-regulated during the development of the PC12 cells. This is indicated that Dioscoreae Rhizoma is capable of inducing apoptosis in PC12 cells. The induced cell death and significantly inhibited by Dioscoreae Rhizoma, which can be explained by the increase in the inhibition of Bax and GSK-3${\beta}$ expression. It was also shown that Dioscoreae Rhizoma inhibits the release of $H_2O_2$ and prevents lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the accumulation of wild type Bax protein significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with Dioscoreae Rhizoma. Conclusion : In conclusion, Dioscoreae Rhizoma can induce apoptosis via a Bax-dependent pathway or GSK-3${\beta}$ dependent pathway in PC12 cells into anti-oxidant and protective effect.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2005

Recently, a large number of clinical experiments have shown that exposure of organic pollutants lead to various cancers through the abnormal cell growth. Environmental pollutants, such as 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are carcinogen and are known to cause the cognitive disability and motor dysfunction in the developing of brain. The effects of these pollutants on neurodevelopmental disorder is well established, but the underlying mechanism(s) and similarity of gene expression profiles in human brain tumors with organic pollutants still remain unclear. In this study, we first examined the gene expression profiles in glioblastomas compared with meningioma that are kinds of primary human brain tumor by using human cDNA microarray. The results of cDNA microarray analysis revealed that 26 genes were upregulated (Z-ratio>2.0) and 14 genes were downregulated (Z-ratio<-2.0) in glioblastoma compared with meningioma. From the altered gene patterns, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling related genes, such as MAP2K3, MAP3K11 and jun activated domain binding protein, and transcription factors, such as UTF2 and TF12, were upregulated in glioblastoma. Also, we tried to investigate the relation between important genes up- and down-regulated in giloblastoma and various organic pollutants. Therefore, the identification of changes in the patterns of gene expression may provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in human primary brain tumors and of the relation between gene expression profiles and organic pollutants in brain tissue.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.833-840
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• 2004

비파괴 검사에 의한 콘크리트 압축강도 시험법 중에서 반발도법과 초음파 속도법은 가장 널리 사용되는 방법이다. 그러나 국내에서 사용되고 있는 비파괴 강도 시험법은 대부분이 외국의 시험법을 적용하고 있어서 국내의 콘크리트 구조물에 직접 적용하는 데는 무리가 따른다고 할 수 있다. 반발도법의 경우, 일본건축학회 등의 제안에 자라 20개의 타격점을 표준으로 채택하고 있으나 표준편차에 대한 고려를 하지 않고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 초음파 속도법에 의한 시험은 압축강도를 추정하는데 필요한 측정횟수의 규정이 없다 따라서 본 연구에서는 카이검증을 이용하여 비파괴 검사법에 의한 콘크리트 압축강도의 타격횟수의 신뢰도를 검토하고 최소시험 횟수를 제안하였다. 그 결과, 반발도법과 초음파 속도법으로 추정한 콘크리트 압축강도 값이 만족할 만한 신뢰범위에 들기 위한 최소시험횟수는 각각 11회와 7회로 분석되었다. 다만, 실구조물의 품질변동을 고려하여 이상치의 결측처리와 시험군의 격자 배열을 전제로 한다면, 반발도법은 국내의 관행에 따라 20회로, 음파 속도법은 9회로 규정하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.337-349
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• 1999

The extracellular matrix(ECM) is a complex network of different combination of collagens, glycosaminoglycans, laminin, fibronectin, and many other glycoproteins including proteolytic enzymes. The composition and organization of the ECM contributes to the uniques physical or biomechanical properties of a tissue. Fibronectins(FN) are dimeric glycoproteins located on cell surfaces, in the matrix of connective tissue, and in blood. Fibronectins mediate cell attachment to collagen substratum and have been implicated in a variety of important biological processes, including embryogenesis and cell differentiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of surgical induction of anterior disk displacement(ADD) on distribution of fibronectin in the rabbit temporomandibular joint(TMJ) tissues included the articular cartilage, disc, retrodiscal tissue, articular eminence using an immunohistochemical technique. The left TMJ was exposed surgically, and all discal attachments were severed except for the posterior attachment. The disk was then repositioned anteriorly and sutured to the zygomatic arch. The right TMJ served as a shamoperated control. Normal joints were used as a nonoperated control. Fourty-five rabbits were used for experiments in total. For fibronectin immunohistochemical study, eighteen rabbits (one normal group and 5 experimental groups, each group consists of 3 rabbits) were used. The experimental rabbits were sacrified after operation period of 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks on fibronectin. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. Fibronectin immunoreaction on all TMJ tissues(mandibular condyle, articular disc, retrodiscal tissue, articular eminence) in the normal rabbit was observed. Especially the reverse cell layer and proliferation zone of articular cartilage of condyle show strong positive reaction. 2. Depletion of fibronectin in the all TMJ tissues except hypertrophic zone of articular cartilage occurred at 2 weeks following induction of ADD. 3. The restoration of immunoreaction at 4 weeks was observed and a progressive increasing reaction at 6 weeks, 8 weeks also was found. Our study generally showed degenerative changes in TMJ tissues after ADD although TMJ tissues adapted or degenerated to abnormal loads and stress distribution according to the remodeling capacity of TMJ tissues.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2012

기능성 전치부 반대교합을 가진 성장기 환자의 경우, 조기에 원인을 제거함으로써 골격성으로 이행하는 것을 방지하고 성장 조절로 악골 관계를 개선함으로써 정상적인 기능과 안모를 유도할 수 있다. 1966년 R$\ddot{o}$lf Fr$\ddot{a}$nkel에 의해 소개된 Functional regulator(FR)의 한 종류인 FR III는 기능성 전치부 반대교합 및 상악의 열성장을 동반한 반대교합을 치료하기 위해 유치열기, 혼합치열기 초기, 및 영구치열기에 사용되고 있다. 이 장치는 비정상적인 근육력을 차단하여 구강 내 치열 및 악골에 대한 힘의 불균형 상태를 개선하여 정상적인 성장 발육을 할 수 있게 하는 악정형 장치이다. 이번 증례에서는 초기 혼합치열기에서 기능성 반대교합을 가진 환자의 임상 케이스를 선별하여 FR III 장치를 사용하여 다음과 같은 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 1. 초기 혼합치열기 환아에서 FR III 장치를 5~6개월 정도 단기간 장착하여 전치부 반대교합을 치료하였으며, 협측 차폐판에 의해 발생할 수 있는 상악의 횡적인 악골 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 2. 상, 하악 전치의 치성 변화와 하악의 후하방 회전의 효과를 통해 정상적인 치열관계의 회복과 심미적인 안모를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.450-464
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• 2004

연구배경 : FHIT 유전자의 homozygous deletion과 이와 관련된 mRNA 발현 이상, 단백질의 발현 결손은 폐암에서 매우 높은 빈도로 관찰되고 있다. 일부 연구에 의하면 FHIT 유전자를 폐암 세포 내에 이입시켰을 때 apoptosis가 유발되었고, 세포 주기의 이상 소견이 관찰되었으며, 종양형성 능력이 억제됨이 관찰되었다. 하지만 아직까지 FHIT 단백질의 기능에 대한 지식은 미진한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 FHIT 유전자를 폐암 세포에 이입시켰을 때 유발되는 apoptosis의 기전을 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : FHIT 유전자가 결손된 NCI-H358 세포주에 FHIT 유전자를 stable transfection 시킨 후, cisplatin 혹은 paclitaxel을 가하고 apoptosis가 항진되어 나타나는가를 DAPI staining과 flow cytometry로 관찰해 보았다. 또한 이 과정에서 나타나는 caspase system의 변화와 Bcl-2 family의 변화를 Western blotting으로 조사해 보았다. 결 과 : FHIT를 발현시킨 세포에서는 cisplatin 혹은 paclitaxel을 투여하였을 때 유의하게 생존율이 감소하였으며, 이는 apoptosis 증가에 의한 것으로 확인 되었다. 이 과정에서 FHIT가 발현된 세포는 caspase-3, caspase-7의 활성화가 유의하게 증가되었으며, Bcl-2와 Bcl-xL 발현은 유의하게 감소하고 Bax와 Bad 발현은 유의하게 증가하였다. 결 론 : FHIT가 발현된 폐암 세포에 항암제를 투여하였을 때 유의하게 증가한 apoptosis는 caspase system과 Bcl-2 family의 활성화와 관련되어 있다.