• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.792-812
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• 2010

In the 18th century, Xu Lingtai (徐靈胎) and Yoshimasu Todo (吉益東洞) were famous doctors advocating ancient medicine, though they lived in different countries, China and Japan. We compared their major books, analyzed their academic thoughts and then took conclusions as below. 1. The first, for instance "Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論類方" and "Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions, 類聚方". Based on essential thought that a prescription and a syndrome should correspond, these books arranged and classified the Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景)'s texts."Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases", based on the thought that principles, methods, formulas and medicinals (理法方藥) were integrated in prescriptions, tried to find out the implicit treatment rules in prescriptions and syndromes through analyzing "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論". On the other hand, because Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions focused on the syndromes of ancient prescriptions (古方), it classified and collected the related texts of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber, 금궤요략", and then suggested only simple instructions on how to prescribe medicine. So in this book, the trend of experience was clear. 2. The second, there is "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經百種錄" and "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences, 藥徵". Though both of these books are professional oriental pharmacology publications that advocate reactionism, there were remarkable differences in writing style between them. "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences" was based on "Treat on Cold Damage Diseases" and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber", just explained the effects of medications and discussed 'matter of course (所當然)', but not discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it confirmed through research, and emphasized the inductive method. On the other hand, "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica based on "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經", explained the nature of medications and discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it annotated and explained, and emphasized the process of reasoning. 3. The third, there is "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine, 醫學源流論" and Severance of Medical evils, 醫斷". Aiming the then medical theories fallen in confused state, these books brought order out of chaos, clarified the categories of medical research, and emphasized the scientific method that could put theories into practice and verify them. The difference is that "Severance of Medical Evils" researched only macroscopic viewable clinical phenomena, and even denied the existence of names of diseases and etiological causes. Thus, it emphasized the accumulation of experiences, laid emphasis on "watching and realizing (目認)", and "understand and taking in (解悟)". Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine extremely emphasized the research of 'something not occuring (未然)', that is to say, induced notions of a disease from observing clinical phenomena, furthermore based on these, predicted the 'something not occuring (未然)' and emphasized researching 'the reason why (所以然)'. As regards how they deal with the traditional theories and post-Zhang Zhongjing's medicines, "Severance of Medical evils" took completely denying attitudes. In case of "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine", it could be used reasonably through specific situation and detailed analysis. Collectively speaking, there were some differences between medical theories of Xu Lingtai and Yoshimasu Todo. Actually, these differences were whether he tried to research the essence of disease, whether he tried to consider it rationally, and how he treated various opinions occurring in the theories of traditional medicine and clinical experience.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.14-34
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• 1985

One of the techniques for altering the properties of wood that has received considerable attention in the last twenty years is the formation of a wood-polymer composite (WPC) by irradiation and heat-catalyst polymerization of a monomer incorporated into the wood matrix. Wood-polymer composites are the new products having the superior mechanical and physical properties and the combinated characteristics of wood and plastic. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the basic data for the improvement of wooden materials by manufacturing WPC and Staypak. The species examined was Hyunsasi-Namoo (Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa) which had not been utilized yet. Methylmethacrylate (MMA) as monomer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator and methyl alcohol as bulking agent were used. The monomer containing BPO was impregnated into wood pieces by the dipping and the vacuum process for 2 hours. After impregnation, the treated samples were polymerized on the hot press with pressure and heat-catalyst methods. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The monomer loading into wood by the dipping process was 12.13 percent and 29.99 percent by the vacuum. The polymer loading into wood by the dipping process was 6.79 percent and 15.44 percent by the vacuum. 2. Comparing with Staypak, antishrink efficiency (ASE) of WPC was 12.5 to 13.6 percent on the radial direction and 14.70 to 18.63 percent on the tangential. Antiswelling efficiency (AE) was 14.40 to 17.22 percent on the radial direction and 17.18 to 42.1 8 to 42.14 percent on the tangential. Reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) was 8.19 to 15.5 percent. As a whole, the vacuum process was better than the dipping. 3. The specific gravity of control, Staypak and WPC were 0.44, 0.66 and 0.61 to 0.62, respectively. 4. In the bending strength test, the strength in case that the load direction is on the radial surface was greater than that which the load direction is on the tangential. 5. Increasing rate of stress at proportional limit in compression perpendicular to grain was 72.26 percent in case of WPC by the dipping process, 78.93 percent by the vacuum and 99.09 percent in case of Staypak.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2000

In an effort to assess the reliability of satellite altimeter system, we conducted a comparative analysis of sea level data that were collected using the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter and the 10 tide gauge (TG) stations in the satellite passing track. The analysis was made using data sets collected from marginal sea regions surrounding the Korean Peninsula at T/P cycles of 2 to 230, which correspond to October 1992 to December 1998. Because of strong tidal activity in the study area, treatment of tidal errors is a very critical step in data processing. Hence in the computation of dynamic heights from the Tn data, we adapted the procedures of Park and Gamberoni (1995) to reduce errors associated with it. When these T/P data were treated, the alias periods of M$_2$, S$_2$, and K$_1$ constitutions were found at 62.1, 58.7, and 173 days. The compatibility of the T/P and TG data sets were examined at various filtering periods. The results indicate that the low-frequency signal of Tn data can be interpreted more safely with longer filtering periods (such as up to the maximum selected values of 200 days). When RMS errors for 200-day low-pass filter period was compared among the whole 10 tidal stations, the values spanned in the range of 2.8 to 6.7 cm. The results of correlation analysis at this filtering period also showed a strong agreement between the Tn and TG data sets over the whole stations investigated (e.g., P values consistently less than 0.0001). According to our analysis, we conclude that the analysis of surface sea level using satellite altimeter data can be made safely and reasonably long filtering periods such as 200 days.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.381-388
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of sex in different group sizes of Hanwoo calves. The growth performance including the mean daily gain, feed conversion rate, behavioral characteristics, and blood parameters in Hanwoo calves were investigated. A total of 54 heads of Hanwoo calves were housed separately at 4 heads per group, 3 heads per group, and 2 heads per group per pen. In the heifer calves, except for those 10 months of age, the growth performance was improved by increasing the group size, which was similar to steer calves (p<0.05). The heifer calves housed in 3 heads group spent more time lying down (p<0.05). The steer calves spent more time standing in the 3 heads group, lying down (2 heads group), and walking (4 heads group). The heifer calves housed in 2 heads group had a lower frequency of drinking, self-grooming, pairwise grooming, and fighting (p<0.05). On the other hand, the steer calves in the 4 heads group had a higher frequency of drinking, rubbing, and fighting (p<0.05). The white blood cell and cortisol were highest in the heifer calves in the 2 heads group (p<0.05).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2003

Purpose : To raise awareness of the clinical importance of, and the need for proper management of acute focal bacterial nephritis(AFBN), we analyzed 22 AFBN patients and 22 other upper urinary tract infection patients by use of comparative studies. Methods : From January 2000 to May 2002, 22 AFBN patients aged from 1 month to 12 months were selected. As a control group, 22 UTI patients with no radiologic abnormalities were selected and matched by age and sex. Results : The incidence of AFBN was more common in boys than in girls. Since both groups had similar symptoms, it was difficult to diagnose AFBN by clinical presentations alone. ESR and CRP were significantly higher in AFBN patients. The most common causative organism was E. coli in both groups. On the sonographic findings, the most lesions were seen on the upper lobe of the kidney; more frequently, on left kidney. The lesions showed globular or wedge-shaped increased echogenecity. $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ scan showed the complete coincidence of the location, size and shape in all cases compared to the findings of renal sonography. Conclusion : The roles of renal sonography and DMSA scan were very important, and ultrasonography was an excellent initial tool in diagnosing AFBN. Since the degree of infection in AFBN is more severe than other urinary tract infections and evollution into a renal abscess is possible, early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotics therapy is essential.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2009

Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate), a selective, preemergence thiocarbamate herbicide used for grass weed control in rice fields, is being most widely used in Korea. This study was conducted to assess the comparative toxicity of molinate on two aquatic insects, Chironomus riparius and Cloeon dipterum in four larval stages. First-instar larvae of C. riparius appeared to be the most sensitive to acute exposure of molinate with a 48-h $EC_{50}$ of 7.8 mg/L, followed by third instar (48-h $EC_{50}\;=\;22.9\;mg/L$), second instar (48-h $EC_{50}\;=\;25.0\;mg/L$) and fourth instar (48-h $EC_{50}$ > 50 mg/L) larvae. Also, the sensitivity of the larvae of C. dipterum was presented as the same manner of the larvae of C. riparius. The youngest group of larvae of C. riparius appeared to be the most sensitive to molinate, with 96-h $EC_{50}$ values ranged from 14.3 to 24.1 mg/L. The authors assume that the young instar lavae of aquatic insects, Chironomus riparius and Cloeon dipterum are more sensitive to molinate. Also, the authors propose that Mayfly, Cloeon dipterum is well suited as a bioassay organism because it is one of the most vulnerable aquatic insects inhabiting agricultural ecosystem in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2016

Purpose Recent retrospective studies are being actively conducted to analyze the survival of patients with SUVmax, MTV, TLG, such as information from a variety of PET originating. However, there is no clear way is difficult to accurately measure the volume of the tumor may be the difference between the caster is raised. In this study, to evaluate compare the volume measuring methods according to the characteristics of the tumor. Materials and Methods 18F-saline to fill the NEMA IEC Body Phantom insert the volume of balance and imbalance in phantom were acquired to the Biograph truepoint 40 (Siemens medical system, Germany) PET/CT scanner. The ratio of the volume and Background was acquired as 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 18, 40. Clinical patients were randomly selected 120 people in staging patients with cancer of the digestive system from the year 2010 until the year 2014. Measurement methods were used a 40% threshold, 50% threshold and gradient segmentation technique, i.e. PET EDGE. Five years of experience of the two radio-technologist and one doctor was measured by repeated three times. Analysis methods were Intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation. Results In Phantoms, the 40% threshold method gave the best concordance between measured and actual volumes (r = 0.992, 0.997). In clinical patient outcome agreement between observers EDGE it is as high as 0.999 (CI: 0.998-0.999). And there were no statistical significance of the difference between the measurements (P = 0.620). 40% threshold method showed the best correlation between the measurements (r = 0.953). Increasing the ratio of tumor to background decreased the influence of a measuring method. Conclusion How to measure volume of the tumor in the patient was clinically most useful is 50% and the lowest impact on the characteristics of the tumor. Therefore, to reduce the background of the patients in PET/CT scan, it should be required research and effort.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2013

Purpose: SPECT/CT, a combination of SPECT and CT, is capable of expressing the results of attenuation correction on images biased by automatic program. As a result, this research evaluates the usefulness of images with CT attenuation correction, using various phantoms and images of patients. Materials and Methods: From July of 2012 to September of 2012, this research was conducted on the contrast, spatial resolution, and images of patients. We studied the contrast with IEC body phantom and Jaszczak phantom, while the spatial resolution was evaluated with NEMA triple line phantom. Further, a comparative study was carried out on the quality of the images, on the difference between the images before and after the CT attenuation correction. Results: Compared the differences between the contrast before and after the CT attenuation correction in IEC body phantom. The contrast was improved by 33.6% at minimum, 89.8% at maximum. In case of Jaszczak Phantom, the contrast was enhanced by 9.9% at minimum, 27.8% at maximum. In NEMA Triple line phantom, the resolution was raised by 4.5% in average: 4.4% in horizontal, 4.5% in vertical. In Anthropomorphic Torso Phantom, the perfusion score of the interior wall with the most severe attenuation was measured to be 29.4%. In the experiment carried out on myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT patients, 9% improvement was discovered in the interior wall, where the most dramatic attenuation occurred, after the CT attenuation correction. Conclusion: SPECT/CT proved its clinical usefulness by enabling the acquisition of images with enhanced contrast and spatial resolution compare to the ones resulted from SPECT.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.443-454
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• 2008

Statement of problem: A clinically successful color match is one of the important factor to get an esthetic dental restoration. Dental shade guides are commonly used to evaluate tooth color in restorative procedure. But numerous reports have indicated that common shade guides do not provide sufficient spectral coverage of the natural tooth colors. To address issues associated with the shade guide, distinct avenues have been pursued objective spectrophotometric / colorimetric assessment. Purpose: This study compared the accuracy of tooth color selection of spectrophotometer with that of human visual determination. Three main factors were investigated, namely, the effect of light, the individual variation and the experience of the observer. Material and methods: At the first experiment, on ten patients, one operator independently selected the best matching shade to the unrestored maxillary central incisor, using a Vita Classical Shade Guide in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon. The same teeth were measured by means of a reflectance spectrophotometer. At the second experiment, on ten patients, ten operators (5 experts, 5 novices) selected and measured by the same method above at noon. At the third experiment, the results of the second experiment were divided into two groups, expert and novice, and analyzed. Results: 1. There was significant difference between visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values) in experiment 1, 2, 3 (P < .05). 2. There was no significant difference between experts and novices group, when comparing with each visual and spectrophotometric assessment (mean ${\Delta}E$ values). Conclusion: Spectrophotometer could be used to analyze the shade of natural tooth objectively. Thereby, this method offers the potential tominimize considerably the need for corrections or even remakesafter intraoral try-in of restoration. Furthermore, to achieve its advantage, both the shade-matching environment and communication between dentist and technician should be optimized with use of visual and instrumental shade-matching systems.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2003

Purpose : We evaluated clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with measles according to age distribution. Methods : Retrospective analyses were performed using medical records of patients with measles admitted to The Catholic University of Korea, Daejon St. Mary's Hospital from October 2000 to May 2001. We divided the patients with measles into three age groups, i.e., those who were under two years of age(159 patients), those between 9-11 years of age(39 patients), and those older than 16 years of age who were hospitalized in the department of internal medicine(young adult group; 23 patients). We compared clinical and laboratory characteristics among these three groups. Results : Almost all patients with measles were presented with fever, skin rash and cough. No statistical differences were present between the three groups in total fever duration, number of hospitalization days, complications determined with longer hospitalization for more than eight days, and positive values of anti-measles IgM. Patients under 2 years of age showed statistically higher levels of white bood cell and lymphocyte counts. However, neutropenia and lymphopenia were observed in all age groups compared with age-matched standard values. Campared with the other two age groups, the young adult group showed a higher mean level of liver enzymes(AST/ALT) and more patients with a level twice as high as the normal values. Conclusion : Clinical manifestations including complications according to age groups showed no significant differences in patients with measles. Hepatic involvement was more prevalent in the young adult group.