• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2003

Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic sensitivity of nuclear imaging in the detection of residual thyroid tissue and metastatic lesion, we have compared neck scintigrams with Tc-99m pertechnetate (Tc-99m scan) and high dose I-131 iodide (I-131 scan) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Subjects and Methods: One hundred thirty-five thyroidectomized patients for differentiated thyroid cancer were enrolled in this study. Twenty-three had a previous history of radioiodine therapy. Planar and pin-hole images of anterior neck with Tc-99m were acquired at 20 minutes after injection, followed by I-131 scan three days after high-dose radioiodine therapy within 7 days interval. Patients were asked to discontinue thyroid hormone replacement more than 4 weeks. Results: All subjects were in hypothyroid state. Seventy out of 135 patients (51.9%) showed concordant findings between Tc-99m and I-131 scans. I-131 scan showed higher number of uptake foci in all of 65 patients showing discordant finding. Tc-99m scan showed no thyroid bed uptake in 34 patients, whereas 23 of them (67.6%) showed bed uptake in I-131 scan. Tc-99m scan did not show any uptake in thyroid bed in 11 of 112 patients without previous history of radioiodine therapy, but 9 of them showed bed uptake in I-131 scan. Tc-99m scan showed no bed uptake in all of the 23 patients with previous history of radioiodine therapy, in contrast 14 of them (60.9%) showed bed uptake in I-131 scan. Conclusion: These results suggest that Tc-99m scan has poor detectability for residual thyroid tissue or metastatic lesion in thyroidectomized differentiated thyroid cancer patients, compared to high dose I-131 therapy scan. Tc-99m scan could not detect any remnant tissue or metastatic lesion in patients with previous history of radioiodine treatment, especially.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.333-341
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• 1999

Background and Methods: In order to evaluate characteristics and modulatory factors of blood pressure in peritoneal dialysis(PD), studies were conducted on the 69 patients who had underwent peritoneal equilibration test(PET). Results: The results were as follows; 1) All patients received an antihypertensive drug before PD, but, 15 of 69 patients successfully quit taking the antihypertensive drug after peritoneal dialysis. 2) During peritoneal dialysis, mean arterial pressure(MAP) was significantly decreased for the first 3 months, and this lasted for 1 year, and antihypertensive drug requirements were significantly decreased continuously up to 9 months(p<0.05). 3) After changing the modality from hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis, MAP(mmHg, from $107.0{\pm}4.5$ to $98.6{\pm}8.8$, p<0.05), antihypertensive drug requirements(from $5.6{\pm}2.6$, to $2.0{\pm}2.5$, p<0.01) and erythropoietin dosages(Uint/week, from $4600{\pm}2660$ to $2000{\pm}1630$, p<0.05) were decreased. 4) Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that MAP(p<0.01) and daily ultrafiltration volume(p<0.05) can contribute to the determination of antihypertensive drug requirements. However the relationship between antihypertensive drug requirements and PET results or dialysis adequacy indices(weekly Kt/V, weekly creatinine clearance) was not revealed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prescription of antihypertensive drugs should be considered according to daily ultrafiltration volume, especially during first year after initiating PD, and follow-ups for over a year may be needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.693-702
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• 2015

In order to identify the species and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of rook populations found in Jeju-do Province in winter seasons, we determined the sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and analyzed the genetic structure of maternal lineages and phylogenetic relationship. The rook DNAs were isolated from the post-mortem specimens and plumages collected from agricultural farms in Jeju-do Province including U-do Island. The obtained COI sequences (n=41) showed over 97.0% identities with those previously reported from Corvus frugeligus. Three COI haplotypes (J01-J03) were detected from COI sequences of the rooks obtained in Jeju-do Province but those did not show the site-specific patterns, showing that they might be derived from a common maternal origin. Eight maternal haplotypes were detected from all COI sequences obtained. Among those three haplotypes contained the COI sequences from Northeast Asia including eastern Russia, Mongolia and South Korea. On the other hand, the other five haplotypes contained the COI sequences reported from Central Asia, Middle East, western Russia and European countries. The COI sequences from Jeju-do Province were located on three haplotypes (CF01-CF03) belonging to Northeast Asian rook lineages. The NJ tree showed the distinct branch patterns suggesting two different maternal lineages of C. frugilegus, which proposed as two parapatric subspecies, C. f. frugilegus (Western) and C. f. pastinator (Eastern). These findings using DNA barcoding approaches will be contributed to provide the information about avian fauna for understanding the genetic structure of maternal lineage, phylogenetic relationship and their molecular ecology.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.352-366
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data to the habitat conservation and management by surveying and analysing the ecological characteristics such as the flora, vegetation structure and soil of Rhodotypos scandens habitat. The flora were summarized as 131 taxa including 57 families, 99 genera, 107 species, 1 subspecies, 17 varieties and 6 forms. The life forms grouped as in the follows; the megaphanerophytes(MM) were 21 taxa, 24 taxa of the microphanerophytes(M), 30 taxa of nanophanerophytes(N), 6 taxa of chamaiphytes(Ch), 20 taxa of hemicryptophytes(H), 17 taxa of geophytes(G), 12 taxa of therophytes(Th) and 1 taxa of hydrophytes(HH). The present conditions of communities were 8 types including Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Rhamnella frangulioides, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia. In case of the dominant species by layers, the tree layer species were Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia, and the subtree layer species were Rhamnella frangulioides, Q. aliena, Z. serrata, A. julibrissin, U. parvifolia and Broussonetia kazinoki. The shrub layer species was Rhodotypos scandens. In the results of analyzing the diversity index, $H^{\prime}{_{max}}$ from 1.691 to 2.610, from 2.197 to 3.466 in H'max, from 0.646 to 0.903 in J' and from 0.097 to 0.354 in D. In the results of analysing the soil, there showed that acidity was 5.6, 0.5dS/m of electrical conductivity(EC), 59.1mg/kg of available $P_2O_5$, 49.7% of organic matter content, $0.4cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $K^+$, $13.5cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $3.3cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.350-373
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• 1999

The patient population of U. S. state mental hospitals has changed drastically since the 1960s, when the deintstitutionalization movement began. This paper is designed to look at what happened to the number of inpatients of state hospitals in California during the last 150 years and, from this, to explore implications for the future of the mental health system in Korea, especially for the viability of mental hospitals. The data had been collected by field research(visits to state hospitals and State Department of Mental Health, and interviews with mental health administrators) and accessing statistical publications and various reports. Since the first state hospital opened in 1851 the statewide inpatient population of individuals who were mentally disabled has grown and peaked at 37,489 in 1959. The number of patients in state hospitals, however, began declining in the early 1960s and was reduced to 10,874 by 1971, and to 4,973 by 1986. As of 1997, there were only 4, 263 inpatients remaining in the state hospital system. This dramatic decrease slowed down somewhat in 1980s and 1990s, but this trend seems irreversible except for the inpatients referred by the court. Now the beds in state hospitals are filled with more and more forensic patients, which constitutes nearly 70% of the total inpatient population. Based on these findings, it is well expected that the number of inpatients of mental hospitals in Korea will also be reduced in a significant way as the community-based mental health care system is gradually replacing the traditional one. Mental hospitals need to introduce more diversified programs for the care of the mentally ill, and concurrently more vigorous aftercare programs are required in the community.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1996

This study was performed to estimate the effects of cultured bone cell inoculated on porous type hydroxyaptite for the regeneration of the artificial alveolar bone defect. In this experiment 3 beagle dogs were used, and each of them were divided into right and left mandible. Every surgical intervention were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). To reduce the gingival bleeding during surgery, operative site was injected with Lidocaine hydrochloride(l:80,000 Epinephrine) as local anesthesia. After surgery experimental animal were feeded with soft dietl Mighty dog, Frisies Co., U.S.A.) for 1 weeks to avoid irritaion to soft tissue by food. 2 months before surgery both side of mandibular 1st premolar were extracted and bone chips from mandibular body were obtained from all animals. Bone cells were cultured from bone chips obtained from mandible with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. Porous type hydroxyapatite were immerse into the high concentrated cell suspension solution, and put 4 hours for attachin the cells on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Graft material were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. Before insertion of cellinoculated graft material, scanning electronic microscopic observation were performed to confirm the attachment and spreading of cell on the hydroxyapatite surface. 3 artificial bone defects were made with bone trephine drill on the both side of mandible of the experimental animal. First defect was designed without insertion of graft material as negative control, second was filled with porous replamineform hydroxyapatite inoculated with cultured bone marrow cells as expermiental site, and third was filled with graft materials only as positive control. The size of every artificial bone defect was 3mm in diameter and 3mm in depth. After the every surgical intervention of animals, oral hygiene program were performed with 1.0% chlorhexidine digluconate. All of the animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 weeks after surgery. For obtaining histological section, tissus were fixed in 10% Buffered formalin and decalcified with Planko - Rycho Solution for 72hr. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of mandibular body. Section in 8um thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin - Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained : 1. In the case of control site which has no graft material, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone forming tendency were revealed compared with experimental groups. But bone surface were observed depression pattern on defect area because of soft tissue invasion into the artificial bone defect during the experimental period. 2. In the porous hydroxyapatite only group, inflammatory cell infiltration was prominet and dense connective tissue were encapsulated around grafted materials. osteoblastic activity in the early stage after surgery was low to compared with grafted with bone cells. 3. In the case of porous hydroxyapatite inoculated with bone cell, less inflammatory cell infiltration and rapid new bone formation activity was revealed than hydroxyapatite only group. Active new bone formation were observed in the early stage of control group. 4. The origin of new bone forming was revealed not from the center of defected area but from the surface of preexisting bony wall on every specimen. 5. In this experiment, osteoclastic cell was not found around grafted materials, and fibrovascular invasion into regions with no noticeable foreign body reaction. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the porous hydroxyapatite may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2011

We induced the activation of melanocytes in the epidermis of C57BL/6 mice by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation, and observed the effect of an herbal preparation (HemoHIM, HH) on the formation, and decrease of UV-B-induced epidermal melanocytes. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated by UV-B $80\;mJ{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ ($0.5\;mW{\cdot}sec^{-1}$) daily for 7 days, and HH was intraperitoneally, orally or topically applied pre- or post-irradiation. For the estimation of change of epidermal melanocytes, light microscopic observation with dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) stain was performed. Split epidermal sheets prepared from the ear of untreated mice exhibited 13~15 melanocytes${\cdot}mm^{-2}$, and one week after UV irradiation, the applied areas showed an increased number of strongly DOPA-positive melanocytes with stout dendrites. But intraperitoneal, oral or topical treatment with HH before each irradiation interrupted UV-B-induced pigmentation and resulted in a marked reduction in the number of epidermal melanocytes as compared to the number found in UV-B-irradiated, untreated control skin. The number and size of DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes were also significantly decreased in intraperitoneally injected or topically applicated group after irradiation with HH at 3rd and 6th weeks after irradiation. The present study suggests the HH as inhibitor of UV-B-induced pigmentation, and depigmenting agent.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.199-216
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• 2005

치주치료의 가장 중요한 목적은 상실된 치주조직의 형태적, 기능적 재건이다. 법랑기칠 단백질 유도체(enamel matrix derivative: EMD)는 치주 병소에 사용시 상피세포의 증식을 억제하며 치주인대 및 백악아세포를 활성화시켜 무세포성 백악질 및 치주인대와 골조직의 생성을 유도한다고 보고되고 있다. 또한 법랑기질 단백칠 유도체는 골모세포의 증식 및 분화를 촉진시키며 alkaline phosphatase의 활성 및 mineralized nodule의 형성을 촉진시킨다고 보고되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 토끼 두개골 결손부에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체와 이종골 이식재를 이식한 후 골밀도를 방사선학적으로 분석하고, 신생골 형성 및 주변 조직 반응을 조직학적으로 관찰, 평가하고자 하였다. 토끼 두개골에 6mm trephine bur(외경 8mm)를 이용하여 경뇌막에 손상을 주지 않도록 하면서 4개의 결손부를 형성하였다. 아무것도 이식하지 않은 군을 음성 대조군으로, 이종골 이식재 ($Bio-Oss^{(R)}$, Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland)을 이식한 군을 양성 대조군으로 설정하였다. 법랑기질 단백질 유도체 ($Emdogain^{(R)}$, Biora, Inc., Sweden)만 이식한 군과 법랑기질 단백질 유도체와 이종골 이식재를 혼합하여 이식한 군을 설험군으로 설정하였다. 각각의 재료를 이식한 후 비흡수성 차폐막 ($Tefgen^{(R)}$, Lifecore Biomedical, Inc., U.S.A.)을 위치시키고 흡수성 봉합사로 일차봉합을 시행하였다. 각 군당 술 후 1, 2, 4주의 치유기간을 설정하였다. 동물을 희생시킨 후 두개골을 절제하여 먼저 방사선학적인 골밀도측정을 시행한 후 10% formalin에 고정한 후 통법에 따라 조직표본을 제작하여 광학현미경으로 관찰하였다. 1. 방사선학적인 평가에서 1, 2, 4주에 대조군과 법랑기질 단백질 유도체만 이식한 군과 비교해 이종골 이식재만 이식한 군과 이종골 이식재에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체를 이식한 군에서 더 큰 골의 밀도를 보이고 있었다 (P<0.01). 하지만, 동일한 시기에 대조군과 법랑기질 단백질 유도체만 이식한 군과의 차이는 발견할 수 없었으며 (P>0.05), 이종골 이식재만 이식한 군과 이종골 이식재에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체를 이식한 군의 차이 또한 발견할 수 없었다 (P>0.05). 2. 조직학적인 평가에서 1, 2, 4주에 대조군과 법랑기질 단백질 유도체만 이식한 군과 비교해 이종골 이식재만 이식한 군과 이종골 이식재에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체를 이식한군에서 골의 형성이 더 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 법랑기질 단백질 유도체만 이식한 군이 대조군보다 2주에서 더 많은 신생골을 볼 수 있었으며, 이종골 이식재에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체를 이식한 군이 이종골 이식재만 이식한 군보다 1, 2주에서 더 많은 신생골을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 법랑기질 단백질 유도체는 토끼 두개골 결손부 치유단계에서 초기 골 형성을 촉진하는 것으로 사료되며 골 이식시에 법랑기질 단백질 유도체를 적용하는 것은 유용한 술식으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2004

This work was conducted to provide the reference data of radioactivity in the foodstuffs at a radiological emergency situation in Jeju Island The sampled foodstuffs were agricultural (31), livestock (6), marine (12) and forest products (4), and processed foods (3) consumed by Jeju Islanders. $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ activities were determined by HPGe r-ray spectromety. The activity ranges of $^{137}Cs$ was ${\sim}650\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the agricultural products, ${\sim}131\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the livestock, ${\sim}834\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the forest, ${\sim}253\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the marine and $32.0{\sim}483\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the processed foods (tea). In case of $^{40}K$ the activity was $16.6{\sim}542\;Bq/kg$. fresh in the agricultural products, $39.1{\sim}294\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the livestock, $85.5{\sim}116\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the forest, $50.1{\sim}657\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the marine, and $33.6{\sim}1,065\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the processed foods (tea). The highest activity of $^{137}Cs$, 834mBq/kg fresh was observed in oak mushroom and $^{40}K$ 1,065 Bq/kg fresh in coffee. Annual effective doses of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ by intake of foodstuffs per capita were the following order; agricultural products (66,543 nSv) > livestock products (19,311 nSv) > processed foods (6,648 nSv) > marine products (6,579 nSv) > forest products (860 nSv). Therefore, total annual effective dose was summed 99,941 nSv which is quite low level comparing to the annual effective dose by external exposure, 2,400,000 nSv. The data obtained in this study can be useful for monitoring whether the foodstuffs are contaminated or not at an emergency radiation accident, and showed that the foodstuffs consumed in Jeju are safe in terms of annual effective dose of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-237
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• 1998

Purpose: We investigated the statistical methods to compose the functional brain map of human working memory and the principal factors that have an effect on the methods for localization. Materials and Methods: Repeated PET scans with successive four tasks, which consist of one control and three different activation tasks, were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers for 2 minutes after bolus injections of 925 MBq $H_2^{15}O$ at the intervals of 30 minutes. Image data were analyzed using SPM96 (Statistical Parametric Mapping) implemented with Matlab (Mathworks Inc., U.S.A.). Images from the same subject were spatially registered and were normalized using linear and nonlinear transformation methods. Significant difference between control and each activation state was estimated at every voxel based on the general linear model. Differences of global counts were removed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with global activity as covariate. Using the mean and variance for each condition which was adjusted using ANCOVA, t-statistics was performed on every voxel To interpret the results more easily, t-values were transformed to the standard Gaussian distribution (Z-score). Results: All the subjects carried out the activation and control tests successfully. Average rate of correct answers was 95%. The numbers of activated blobs were 4 for verbal memory I, 9 for verbal memory II, 9 for visual memory, and 6 for conjunctive activation of these three tasks. The verbal working memory activates predominantly left-sided structures, and the visual memory activates the right hemisphere. Conclusion: We conclude that rCBF PET imaging and statistical parametric mapping method were useful in the localization of the brain regions for verbal and visual working memory.