• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.311-316
• /
• 2001

We have investigated the trace amount in an oriental medicine in oder to determine the geographical origin by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and chemometric anlysis with principal component analysis(PCA) and pattern recognition. Astragali Radix from several agricultural places in Korea was selected as an example of the oriental medicine and analyzed by ICP-AES. The dried Astragali Radix sample was treated with $HNO_3$ and $H_2O_2$, then digested using microwave oven. Elements such as Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ba with different concentrations were found an used for the identification of the origin of agriculture places. Especially, the concentration of Al, Fe, Zn and Ti were employed to investigate the relationship between. Astragali Radix and the agricultural places by PCA and pattern recognition. We have made a program that is based on chemometrics in analytical spectroscopy. The results of the chemometrics analysis indicated that a distinction among Yechon and Chechon, Chungson, Kurye and Chinese Astragali Radix could be made. We believe that principal component analysis(PCA) and pattern recognition is a valuable tool to identify the origin of Astragali Radix in terms of the agricultural place.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.452-457
• /
• 2010

To obtain basic information on the utilization of Suaeda (S.) asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ as a raw material in food, it's chemical components of were investigated. S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ from the Hwaseong-si in Korea was used after drying and grinding with powder. The total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber contents of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ were found to be 39.41%, 37.63% and 1.78%, respectively. Macromineral components of S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ were Na (7.6%), K (2.4%) and Mg (0.6%). High contents of microminerals such as Cu, Mn and Zn were also found. Lysine and methionine which are essential amino acids were detected with the value of 215 mg/100 g and 23.2 mg/100 g, respectively. S. asparagoides $M_{IQ}$ that was harvested in May was higher in crude protein than that harvested in September but the crude fat content of that which was harvested in September was twice as high as that harvested in May.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.201-206
• /
• 1992

Pinus pollen is used as the chief ingredient for Song-wha-dashik (Korea's traditional pattern-pressed candy). It has been the food stuff indispensable especially on the occasion of performing ancestral rites and holding a banquet since Shilla and Koryo Dynasty. In this paper, therefore, a new examination is made of the nutritive ingredients of the very Pinus pollen. Analysis has been made of the proximate composition, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and free sugars of the Pollen of both Pinus densinora Siebol et Zuccarini and Pinus rigida Miller. In the proximate composition, Pinus rigida Miller is high except in free sugar ; crude ash (4.0%), crude protein (15.0%), crude fat (2.5%), crude fiber (17.5%). A lot of minerals have been found in both the samples. They contain Mg, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn, etc. In heavy metals, both the samples contain the same quantity of Cd(0.3 ppm) and the contents of Pb, Cu, and As are lower than the maximal limit permitted for food stuff. The contents of vitamin B$_1$, B$_2$, vitamin C are a little higher in Pinus rigida Miller : in vitamin E, on the contrary, Pinus densiflora Siebol et Zucarini (1.6 mg) doubles Pinus rigida Miller (0.8 mg). In free sugars, the results is as follows : 6.6%/6.9% in sucrose : 0.2% in fructose : 2.1% /2.9% in glucose respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.122-130
• /
• 2017

The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.163-167
• /
• 2004

It shows that there is the fastest growth of S. crispa in the weak acid pH5. Also, it shows that S. crispa has the best environment in the MEF media. The next desirable one was as in this array: MES, MEI, YMF, YMM, YMT, YMB, YMI, MEA, PDA. The best fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within the 0.2% addition of multi-mineral. The slow fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within as the opposite. The phisical growth of S. crispa has a absolute need of comparatably large amount of P,K,N,S etc as inorganic minerals. In addition of that, as a minor element, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, Mn, Cl etc are should be included. The best fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within the 0.1% addition of biotin. The slow fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within as the opposite. The best fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within the 2% addition of fructose. The slow fungi-growth of S. crispa is shown within as the opposite.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.325-337
• /
• 2002

We examined the contamination of stream water and stream sediments by heavy metal elements with respect to distance from the abandoned Backun Au-Ag-Cu mine. High contents of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, and Fe) and aluminum in the waters connected with mining and associated deposits (dumps, tailings) reduce water quality. In the mining area, Ca and SO$_4$ are predominant cation and anion. The mining water is Ca-SO$_4$ type and is enriched in heavy metals resulted from the weathering of sulfide minerals. This mine drainage water is weakly acid or neutral (pH; 6.5-7.1) because of neutralizing effect by other alkali and alkaline earth elements. The effluent from the mine adit is also weakly acid or neutral, and contains elevated concentrations of most elements due to reactions with ore and gangue minerals in the deposit. The concentration of ions in the Backun mining water is high in the mine adit drainage water and steeply decreased award to down stream. Buffering process can be reasonably considered as a partial natural control of pollution, since the ion concentration becomes lower and the pH value becomes neutralized. In order to evaluate mobility and bioavailability of metals, sequential extraction was used for stream sediments into five operationally defined groups: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to FeMn oxide, bound to organic matter, and residual. The residual fraction was the most abundant pool for Cu(2l-92%), Zn(28-89%) and Pb(23-94%). Almost sediments are low concentrated with Cd(2.7-52.8 mg/kg) than any other elements. But Cd dominate with non stable fraction (68-97%). Upper stream sediments are contaminated with Pb, and down area sediments are enriched with Zn. It is indicate high mobility of Zn and Cd.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.9-19
• /
• 1977

Xylone isomerase (D-xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5,3,1,5) have been demonstrated in the cell-free extracts of Stroptomuces canus and Streptomuces malachiticus grown in the presence of xylose. Xylose, glucose and ribose served as substrates for the enzymes of the two strains with respective $K_m$ values of 22, 130, 290 mM (S. canus) and 7,83,637 mM(S.malachiticus), and $V_max$ values of 1,000, 0.087, $\0.0222{\mu}moles/min/mg$ protein (S. canus) and 0.312, 0.083, 0.500.$\mu$moles/min/mg protein (S. malachiticus). L-Rhammose was also isomerized by the crude enzyme solutions of the two strains. The maximal activities of the two xylose-isomerases were observed at pH 7.5 and $75^{\circ}C$. The xylose isomerase activities of the two strains were activated two-three times by $Mg^{++}\;and\;Co^{++}$ as that of control, partially activated by $Ba^{++}$ and inhibited by $Ni^{++},\;Ca^{++}\;and\;Zn^{++}\$. Particulary, the addtion of $Mn^{++}$ stimulated xylose-isomerizing activities, but inhibited glucose-isomerizing activities in both strains. However, $Cu^{++}$ inhibited xylose-isomerizing activities, while stimulated glucose-isomerizing activities of the enzymes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.20 no.1 s.46
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1981

These experiments were conducted to investigate some effects of the soil fumigants Dow-fume MC-2, Cylone, TeloneC-17, and D-D on the growth response of the Korea ginseng(two-year old), Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and the chemical composition of the plants. Fumigant treatment increased growth of roots, stems, and leaves. The increase of root growth rates ranging from 2.8 to $58.7\%$ in fresh weight and 8.1 to $63.8\%$ in dry weight were observed in the 2-year old ginseng plants grown in the old ginseng soil treated with the different soil fumigants. The chemical analysis of inorganic elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn was made for the roots, stems and leaves of the 2-year old plants. The increases or decreases of content of the elements were observed, and their contents of each of the elements were changed with the kind of fumigants, part of the plants, and soil depth of the fumigant treatments, but their changing tendencies were not steady.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.61-64
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical characteristics of $PM^{10}$ at Anmyeon-do during the periods from January 1998 to December 2001. The $PM^{10}$ samples ($PM^{10}$) were collected by High Volume Air sampler (HVAS). The measured items were mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ with the major ions ($Cl^{-}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${Mg}^{2+}$, ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${K}^{+}$etc.) and metallic elements (AI, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb etc.). The chemical analysis of major ion components were made by Ion Chromatography (DX-500) and that of metallic elements were made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP-AES, ICP-Mass). The average mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ increased substantially during the heavy dust periods (Asian Dust cases). For water-soluble ions, concentrations of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^{-}$ were remarkably enhanced. Concentrations and mass fraction of crustal elements such as Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn were highly elevated, but those of pollution-derived heavy metals were appreciably decreased. The factor analysis was conducted in order to make the large and diverse data set as manageable levels and to qualitatively examine the relationship between the variables.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.878-895
• /
• 1999

Ischemic preconditioing (IPC), i.e., a preliminary brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion, has been shown to reduce the cell damage induced by long ischemia and reperfusion. Superoxide radical which is produced during reperfusion after ischemia was recognized as a factor of the ischemic injury and it is dismutated into $H_2O_2$ and $O_2$ by two types of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,Zn-SOD in cytoplasm and Mn-SOD in mitochondria. Recently oxygen free radicals are suggested to induce the apoptosis, however mechanism of the reduced apoptosis by ischemic preconditioing was unknown, while many studies performed in mammalian heart indicated that ATP-sensitive $K^+$ ($K_{APT}$) channel activation related with the protective effects. The aim of present study is to investigate 1) whether IP upregulate the Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities, and 2) whether ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused skeletal muscle after long ishemia. The experimental animals, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~300g, were divided into 8 groups; 1) control group, 2) ischemic preconditioning only groups, 3) pinacidil, a $K_{APT}$ channel opener, treatment only groups, 4) glibenclamide, a $K_{APT}$ channel blocker, treatment only groups, 5) ischemia groups, 6) ischemia after IPC groups, 7) ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups, and 8) IP and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups. Animals of the control group were administered with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Pinacidil (1mg/kg) was administered intravenously 5 minutes after initiation of ischemia, and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) was injected intravenously 20 minutes before IPC. In rats that were ischemic preconditioned, the left common iliac artery was occluded for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion by three times using vascular clamp. Ischemia was done by occlusion of the same artery for 4 hours. The specimens of left rectus femoris muscle were obtained immediately (0 hour), 12 hours, 24 hours after drug administrations, IP or ischemia and reperfusion. The immunoreactivities of SOD and its alterations were observed by use of sheep antihuman Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD antibodies on the $10{\mu}m$ cryosections. The incidencies of apoptosis were observed by TUNEL methods with in situ apoptosis detection kit on $6{\mu}m$ paraffine section. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After IPC, immunoreactivities of Cu,Zn-SOD mainly in the small-sized fibers were increased by 24 hours, that of Mn-SOD at 0 hour and 24 hours. 2. No significant changes in immunoreactivities of SOD was observed in the pinacidil and in the glibenclamide treatment only groups, and in the ischemia only groups. 3. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD were increased in the ischemia after IPC groups and the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 4. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD in the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups were not increased except for the 12 hours reperfusion group. But, Mn-SOD immunoreactivities were increased in the 0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. 5. In the control group, the IPC only groups, and the pinacidil treatment only groups, negative or trace apoptotic reactions were observed, but the positive apoptotic reaction occured in the glibenclamide treatment groups. 6. Moderate or many number of apoptosis were revealed in the ischemia groups, and also the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment group except for 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the incidence of apoptosis was decreased in the ischemia after IPC groups and in the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 7. There is a coincidence between the increase of Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivities and the decrease of apoptosis in the presence of ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that the protective effects of ishemic preconditioing may related to the SOD activation, and the ischemic preconditioning decreases the apoptosis partially via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused rat skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that inhibition of apoptosis by IPC may related with the SOD activation.