• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 2010

Bacillus licheniformis fermenting soybean product with highest score in consumer acceptance had been isolated from homemade Cheongkookjang. In order to develop the medium composition, effects of ingredients including nitrogen sources, carbon sources, metal ions and phosphate were examined for protease production of the isolate. Potato starch increased the protease productivity, while glucose repressed it. Yeast extract was the most effective nitrogen source for enzyme production. The calcium was found to increase protease activity slightly while cell growth and enzyme production was completely inhibited by divalent ions such as $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$. The maximum protease productivity was reached approximately 800 unit/mL in the optimized medium consisting of potato starch (1.5%), yeast extract (1.5%), $CaCl_2$(0.7%), $K_2HPO_4$(0.03%) and $KH_2PO_4$(0.03%). The protease activity of culture filtrate was gradually decreased after incubation for 28 h.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.484-487
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• 2012

A discrimination technique for domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis was developed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF). Mineral content ratios, of a total of 43 species, including P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, were measured among 204 samples. Macro element content ratios and trace element content ratios were determined using the standardless fundamental parameters (SLFP) analysis. Inorganic element ratios of P, S, K, Ca, Cl, Mn, and Fe were significantly different between domestic and imported samples. The result from the canonical discriminant analysis showed that the accuracy of geographical origin discrimination was 95.15%; the correlation coefficient was 0.888. It was concluded that this technique could be used as a useful method in discriminating the geographical origins between domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) samples were collected separately in mainstream and side-stream smoke using a self-designed smoking machine, and a total 40 of PM2.5 was collected with low volume air sampler at indoor environments with and without ETS in Daejeon, Korea. About 20 trace elements including toxic metals like As, Cr, Mn, Se, V, and Zn were determined in PM2.5 and ETS samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). It is found that the emission factors of K, Cl, Na, and Al were much higher than those of toxic elements for both mainstream and side-stream smoke. The average concentration of PM2.5 was enriched by 1.5 times at smoking area ($58.7{\pm}18.1{\mu}g/m^3$) than at smoking free area ($38.6{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/m^3$). The concentration ratio of each element between smoking and smoking free area were ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 except Cu (1.0); especially, Ce (6.0), La (5.2), K (2.3), and Co (2.0) showed higher ratio, which suggests that the ETS is one of the possible increasing factors of PM2.5 and elemental concentration at indoor environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.394-398
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• 1997

Changes of nutrient material and heavy metals of irrigation water and natural supplies by irrigation water into 1.0ha of paddy field during the rice cultivation was investigated pH of irrigation water ranged 6.458.34 and electrical conductivity showed $110{\mu}S/cm$ in the first irrigation period and commonly showed $90{\mu}S/cm$. The content of T-N, NH4-N and $NO_3-N$were 3.09~12.36, 0.17~1.34 and 2.70~10.72mg/L respectively. The content of T-P was 0.09~0.22mg/L and ortho-P was not detected. The content of $Ca^{++},\;Mg^{++},\;Na^+\;and\;K^+$ showed 0.89~5.12, 1.12~2.76, 1.74~4.52 and 1.34~4.18mg/L regardless of irrigation season respectively. Only Cu and Zn of heavy metals were detected 0.001~0.009 and 0.007~0.091mg/L, but Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were not detected When supplied $4,250m^3$ of an irrigation water into 1.0㏊ of paddy field, natural supplies of nutrient materials were 29.67㎏ of T-N, 1.80㎏ of $NH_4-N$, 24.57kg of NO3-N and 0.51kg of T-P. Also $Ca^{++},\;Mg^{++},\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-\;and\;SO_4\;^{2-}$ were supplied 9.42, 7.09, 13.34, 9.08, 40.27 and 41.38kg respectively. Only Cu and Zn of heavy metals were supplied 0.017kg of Cu and 0.133kg of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were not supplied

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.303-307
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• 2000

The crystal structure of ZnS fabricated by gas-liquid phase reaction was obtained by XRD and refined by RIETAN near R$_{wp}$ factor 10%. The increasement of HCP phase depended on extra H$_2$S gas and the lattice parameter and crystalline size changed by the relative ratio of multiphase. Using ZnS of the different multiphase ratio and crystalline size, sintered ZnS:Cu, Al green phosphor and the CL property resulted optimum luminescence in the range of 91~94% and 150~190$\AA$, respectably, FCC/HCP ratio and crystalline size. As changing of structure ratio, the reason of different luminescence property is now studying. As well as, after XRD pattern of TiO$_2$powder fitted by RIETAN and the structure factor using MEED method simulated about each atom of (002) plane. Additionally, we proposed RIETAN and MEED were the methods of the study of luminescence mechanism for many phosphor materials.s.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.291-295
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• 1998

Changes of chemical components and natural supplies by precipitation at agricultural zone in Chinan area of Chonbuk province from May 1, 1997 to April 30, 1998 were investigated. pH of precipitation ranged $6.44{\sim}7.24$ and EC showed $14.23{\sim}30.67{\mu}S/cm$. The $total{\sim}N$, NH4-N and NO3-N were $1.43{\sim}10.14$, $0.57{\sim}4.39$, and $0.18{\sim}1.69㎎/L$ respectively. The content of total-P showed $0.015{\sim}0.087㎎/L$ but ortho-P was not detected. The content of suspended solid, $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$ and $K^+$ showed $3.6{\sim}15.3$, $0.37{\sim}1.66$, $0.17{\sim}0.52$, $0.22{\sim}0.87$, and $0.17{\sim}0.58㎎/L$. The content of SO42- and Cl- showed $3.37{\sim}014.47㎎/L$ and $1.02{\sim}7.24㎎/L$ respectively. Only Cu and Zn of heavy metals were detected $0{\sim}0.019㎎/L$ and $0.009{\sim}0.098㎎/L$ but Cd, Cu, Ni and Cr were not detected. Natural supplies of chemical components were 39.48㎏/ha/yr of total-N, 21.82㎏/ha/yr of $NH_4-N$, 6.90㎏/ha/yr of $NO_3-N$ and 0.68㎏/ha/yr of total-P. Also $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ were supplied 14.46, 5.00, 7.26, 5.46, 98.76 and 31.16㎏/ha/yr respectively. Only of heavy metals were supplied 0.024㎏/ha/yr of Cu and 0.044㎏/㏊/yr of Zn.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 2009

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) constitute the first line of cellular defense against oxidative stress in plants. SODs generally occur in three different forms with Cu/Zn, Fe, or Mn as prosthetic metals. We cloned the full-length cDNA of the Thellungiella halophila Cu/Zn-SOD gene ThCSD using degenerate RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence analysis indicated that the ThCSD gene (GenBank accession number EF405867) had an open reading frame of 456 bp. The deduced 152-amino acid polypeptide had a predicted molecular weight of 15.1 kDa, an estimated pI of 5.4, and a putative Cu/Zn-binding site. Recombinant ThCSD protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and assayed for SOD enzymatic activity in a native polyacrylamide gel. The SOD activity of ThCSD was inactivated by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide, confirming that ThCSD is a Cu/Zn-SOD. Northern blotting demonstrated that ThCSD is expressed in roots, stems, and leaves. ThCSD mRNA levels increased by about 30-fold when plants were treated with sodium chloride (NaCl), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-acetic acid (IAA) and by about 50-fold when treated with UVB light. These results indicate that ThCSD is involved in physiological pathways activated by a variety of environmental conditions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 1996

This analysis has been conducted to get some basic data of the composition of culture solution mostly in inorganic ions, and water quality in hydroponic farms in Chollabuk - do. pH range was shown from 6.00 to 7.65 and the average was 6.58. EC range was shown from 0.01 to 0.94 mS/cm and the average was 0.28 mS/cm. Na concentration ranged from 4.71 to 145.44 ppm and Cl concentration ranged from 0 to 171.80 ppm were shown and their average were 24.24 ppm and 26.33 ppm, respectively. Na and Cl concentrations were higher as 7.7%, compared to those of other farms, which could cause the salt accumulation in the substrate mats. K, Ca and Mg concentrations were ranged from 0.93 to 17.38 ppm, 2.29 to 34.30 ppm and 0.70 to 18.61 ppm, respectively. Average concentrations were 3.06 ppm in K, 13.00 ppm in Ca and 4.91 ppm in Mg. 50, and PO$_4$ concentration ranged from 0.63 to 59.79 ppm and 0 to 4.28 ppm were shown and their average were 18.11 and 0.51 ppm. Cu concentration was ranged from 0 to 0.32 ppm and 0 to 6.22 ppm in Zn concentration. Their average were 0.02 ppm and 0.52ppm, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1998

The three analysis methods, EPA method 3050, the method offered by Ministry of Environment in Korea, and modified method corrected in this laboratory, were studied to investigate the effect of matrix on the analysis of inorganic priority pollutants. 7 inorganic priority pollutants(Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg) were spiked to the plating, leather, paper, electric, and dye sludges. Mean recovery of the elements except Hg was 95.5% when the procedure of EPA method was applied. However, recovery by the two other extraction methods showed 11.1% and 27.7%, respectively. Digestions were done by MDS (microwave digestion system) and $HNO_3+HClO_4$ methods. To study organic and inorganic matrix effect, samples were made by adding triethanol amine as a organic matrix and $FeCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$+$AlCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ as a inorganic matrix, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by AAS and HG-AAS. Mean recovery of the elements by the $HNO_3+HClO_4$ procedure, except Hg, gave better result than that of the MDS method. Mean recovery of elements was decreased when organic and inorganic matrices were added in the sludge samples. The procedure of MDS and $HNO_3+HClO_4$ digestion gave higher recoveries than that of direct analysis. In general, the results of the studies showed a significant matrix effect on the inorganic priority pollutants analysis in sludges.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 1990

The pretense from Halobacterium sp. was purified by ethanol precipitation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-100. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis It's specific activity was 364units/mg protein and yield was 14% of the total activity of the culture filtrate. The Km value against casein was determined to be $4.2{\times}10^{-4}M$ by Lineweaver-Burk plot The optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme activity were $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable from 5.0 to 11.0 at relatively wide range of pH but was inactivated at the temperature above $50^{\circ}C$. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ appeared to react as activators whereas $Fe^{3+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Hg^{2+}\;and\;Cd^{2+}$ as inhibitors. The enzyme activity reduced with increasing the concentration of NaCl : the apparent activity with 2M NaCl was 65% as compared with that without the salt However the enzyme was unstable without salts : the activity was lost when dialyzed against distilled water for 2hr, whereas maintained against 0.1M solution of $CaCl_2$ for 6hr.