• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.221-227
• /
• 2024

During hot stamping of hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets such as hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and hot-dip galvannealed steel sheets, an oxide mainly composed of ZnO is formed on the sheet surface. However, excessive formation of ZnO can lead to a decrease in the amount of metal Zn in the coating layer, decreasing the corrosion resistance of hot-stamped members. Therefore, it is important to suppress excessive formation of ZnO. While the formation of Al oxides and Mn oxides along with ZnO layer during the hot stamping of hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets can affect ZnO formation, crystal structures of such oxides have not been elucidated clearly. Thus, this study aimed to analyze structures of oxides formed during hot stamping of hot-dip galvannealed steel sheets using transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated the formation of an oxide layer comprising ZnAl₂O₄ at the interface between ZnO and the coating layer with Mn₃O₄ at the outermost of an oxide layer.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.78-81
• /
• 1977

The effects of variation in composition and the addition of small amount of the rare-earth oxides La2O3, CeO2 and Sm2O3 on the magnetic properties of Mn-Zn system ferrites, 0.5MnO.0.5ZnO.(1＋0.1X) Fe2O3(X=-1, 0, 1, 2), were investigated in the range of frequencies of 0.1~100 kHz. It was shown that the magnetic permeability of the specimens with the composition Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe2O4 was maximum in the Mn-Zn system ferrites, and that the addition of a small amount of the rare-earth oxides to the composition 0.5 MnO.0.5ZnO.0.9 Fe2O3 caused the sharp increase of magnetic permeability and the decrease of the loss factors.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제61권1호
• /
• pp.162-167
• /
• 2023

망간산화물은 다양한 결정구조를 가지고 있으며, 특히 초기에 생성되는 나노층상구조의 δ-MnO₂ 가 다양한 산화환원 반응에 따라 여러가지 터널 및 층상구조로 변화한다. 최근Zn기반 이차전지에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있지만, 충방전 간 Zn이온이 양극재로 사용되는 망간산화물 결정 구조 변화 및 새로운 결정 생성 등에 미치는 영향에 대한 기초적 이해를 위해 Zn이온이 망간산화물 결정에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 더욱 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수열반응 간 Zn 도핑정도가 조절된 나노층상구조의 δ-MnO₂의 변화를 통해 todorokite과 chalcophanite이 생성 및 성장되는 것을 확인하였고, 반응 시간에 따른 변화과정을 확인하였다. Zn의 양이 많을수록 chalcophanite 결정이 우세하게 생성되었고, 결정 생성이 상대적으로 느린 속도로 발생하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2012

The development of martensitic grades which can be processed in continuous galvanizing lines requires the reduction of the oxides formed on the steel during the hot dip process. This reduction mechanism was investigated in detail by means of High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) of cross-sectional samples. Annealing of a martensitic steel in a 10% $H_2+N_2$ atmosphere with the dew point of $-35^{\circ}C$ resulted in the formation of a thin $_{C-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x>1) oxide film and amorphous $_{a-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ oxide particles on the surface. During the hot dip galvanizing in Zn-0.13%Al, the thin $_{C-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x>1) oxide film was reduced by the Al. The $_{a-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x<0.9) and $a-SiO_{2}$ oxides however remained embedded in the Zn coating close to the steel/coating interface. No $Fe_{2}Al_{5-X}Zn_{X}$ inhibition layer formation was observed. During hot dip galvanizing in Zn-0.20%Al, the $_{C-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x>1) oxide film was also reduced and the amorphous $_{a-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ and $a-SiO_{2}$ particles were embedded in the $Fe_{2}Al_{5-X}Zn_{X}$ inhibition layer formed at the steel/coating interface during hot dipping. The results clearly show that Al in the liquid Zn bath can reduce the crystalline $_{C-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x>1) oxides but not the amorphous $_{a-X}MnO.SiO_{2}$ (x<0.9) and $a-SiO_{2}$ oxides. These oxides remain embedded in the Zn layer or in the inhibition layer, making it possible to apply a Zn or Zn-alloy coating on martensitic steel by hot dipping. The hot dipping process was also found to deteriorate the mechanical properties, independently of the Zn bath composition.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 1992

Sintering behavior, distribution of dopant oxides and electrical properties in the ZnO-Bi2O3-CoO-Sb2O3 and ZnO-Bi2O3-CoO-Sb2O3-Cr2O3 systems were studied. The linear shrinkage of ZnO varistors from 850 to 950$^{\circ}C$ was related to the decomposition reaction (py\longrightarrowsp+Bi2O3) of the pyrochlore phase. In the distribution of the dopant oxides (CoO, Sb2O3, Cr2O3), Co distribute uniformly throughout the sample, the distribution of Sb coincided with small particles (spinel phase, Zn7Sb2O12), and Cr distributed very consistently with Sb. The increase in breakdown voltage, due to the addition of Cr2O3, was not only attributed to the decrease in the ZnO grain size but also to the solution of Cr2O3 in the spinel phase. The leakage current (80% V60 ${\mu}\textrm{A}$) was increased by the addition of Cr2O3.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제26권8호
• /
• pp.1211-1216
• /
• 1989

To enhance the breakdown properties of low voltage-oriented ZnO varistor, sample were fabricated with additive oxides and sintering conditions. Addition of TiO2 lowered breakdown voltage` nonlinear resistances were lowered about 10V/mm and nonlinear exponents were not lowered with respect to it with the basic composition. To the samples added TiO2, V2ko5, and Cr2O3, microstructures were observed by SEM, moreover Ti was detected at grainboundaries and within the grain by EDS. Addition of Si-oxides and Sb2O3 increased nonlinear exponent and also increased nonlinear resistance, by addition of TiO2 to these samples at the sintering conditions of 1250\ulcorner and 1 hour we could fabricate low voltage-oriented ZnO varistors with nonlinear exponent of 30 or more and with real breakdown voltage of 30V/mm.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.174-178
• /
• 2011

The cell permeability and cytotoxic effects of different-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were investigated using a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line called Caco-2. Morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed that three zinc oxides with different mean particle sizes (ZnO-1, 20 nm; ZnO-2, 90~200 nm; ZnO-3, $1\sim5\;{\mu}m$) tended to aggregate, particularly in the case of ZnO-1. When cytotoxicities of all three sizes of zinc oxide particles were measured at concentration ranges of $1\sim1000\;{\mu}g$/mL, significant decreases in cell viability were observed at concentrations of $50\;{\mu}g$/mL and higher. Among the three zinc oxides, ZnO-1 showed the lowest viability at $50\;{\mu}g$/mL in Caco-2 cells, followed by ZnO-2 and ZnO-3. The permeate concentration of ZnO-1 from the apical to the basolateral side in the Caco-2 model system after four hours was about three-fold higher than that of either ZnO-2 or ZnO-3. These results demonstrated that ZnO-1, with a 20 nm mean particle size, had poorer viability and better permeability in Caco-2 cells than ZnO-2 and ZnO-3.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.228-232
• /
• 2003

The effects of$ Nd_2$$O_3$addition on the properties of Mn-Zn ferrite were investigated in the doping concentration range from 0.05 to 0.25 wt%. All samples were prepared by standard fabrication of ferrite ceramics. With increasing the Neodymium oxides, specific density and initial permeability increased on the whole. But, the tendencies such as upper result had the measured value on limitation and characteristics saturated or decreased properties after that. With increasing the content of Neodymium oxides. both the real and imaginary component of complex permeability and the magnetic loss(tan$\delta$) increased. Because reason that magnetic loss increases is high ratio that a real department increases than imaginary department. Magnetic loss increased none the less for increasing the real department related with magnetic permeability. But, the magnetic loss of ferrite doped with the Neodymium oxides were lower than that of none doped Mn-Zn ferrite. The small amount of percent Neodymium oxides in Mn-Zn ferrite composition led to enhancement of resistivity in bulk, and more so in the grain boundary.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.268-275
• /
• 2003

The water-splitting process by the metal oxides using solar heat is one of the hydrogen production method. The hydrogen production process using the metal oxides (NiFe2O4/NiAl2O4,CoFe2O4/CoAl2O4, CoMnNiFerrite, CoMnSnFerrite, CoMnZnFerrite, CoSnZnFerrite) was carried out by two steps. The first step was carried out by the CH4-reduction to increase activation of metal oxides at operation temperature. And then, it was carried out the water-splitting reaction using the water at operation temperature for the second step. Hydrogen was produced in this step. The production rates of H2 were 110, 160, 72, 29, 17, $21m{\ell}/hr{\cdot}g-_{Metal\;Oxide}$ for NiFe2O4/NiAl2O4, CoFe2O4/CoAl2O4, CoMnNiFerrite, CoMnSnFerrite, CoMnZnFerrite, CoSnZnFerrite respectively in the second step. CoFe2O4/CoAl2O4 had higher H2 production rate than the other metal oxides.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제30권11호
• /
• pp.925-932
• /
• 1993

The perovskite phase in PZN-PMN-PT (Pb(Zn, Mg)1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3) pseudoternary ceramics was stabilized by the addition of excess constituent divalent oxides (PbO, MgO and ZnO). The excess addition of 5mol% MgO or 7.5mol% PbO fully stabilized the perovskite phase. The enhanced diffuse phase transition (DPT) and the decrease in the electrical resistivity observed in the presence of excess ZnO or MgO were interpreted in terms of the additional formation of negatively charged, short-range ordered 1:1 domains with a concomitant generation of charge carriers, holes.