• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 1981

Perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton var. Crispa Decasne) cultivated in three geographical areas of Korea, Gwangju, Taegu and Jeju, was analyzed for carbohydrate, lipid, protein, inorganic components and fatty acid composition. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of perilla seed ranged from 40 (Taegu) to 44% (Jelu), from 28 (Jeju) to 34% (Taegu) and from 15 (Gwangju) to 16% (Jeju), respectively. The overage contents of potassium, silicate, calcium, phosphate, iron, zinc, magnesium and mangane in the perilla seed varied between $426{\sim}446$, $197{\sim}229$. $124{\sim}136$, $46{\sim}56$, $30{\sim}49$, $42{\sim}45$, $40{\sim}45$, and $30{\sim}36mg%$, respectively and those variations different cultivation areas were not significant except iron. Saponification number, iodine value and acid value of the perilla oil were between $194{\sim}198$, $196{\sim}200$ and $4{\sim}5$, respectively. Those variations among the cultivation areas were not significant. The composition of the perilla oil was observed to be composed of $92{\sim}95%$ of triglyceride, $1.2{\sim}1.3%$ of phospholipid, $1.7{\sim}1.9%$ of unsaponifiables, $0.7{\sim}0.9%$ of free fatty acid, and $1.1{\sim}1.4$ linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid as $55{\sim}56$, $16{\sim}18$ and $16{\sim}20%$ of total fatty acids, but in phospholipid, the content of saturated fatty acids, $12{\sim}24$ of total fatty acid, was higher than that in triglyceride, $8{\sim}19%$ of total fatty acids. The content of saturated fatty acids in sterylester $(14{\sim}19%)$ was higher than that in sterylglycoside ($6{\sim}7%$ of total fatty acids). The variation in fatty acid composition was not significant in the composition of total fatty acid but a significant difference was observed in the composition of phospholipid, in which the content of palmitate ranged from 11.8%(Taegu) to 24%(Gwangju) of total fatty acids. No significant variation was found in the fatty acid composition among the cultivation areas, while a significant difference was observed in phospholipid.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.489-494
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• 2020

A total of 101 samples of convenience baby food products were analyzed by microwave digestion and mineral nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). By type, the samples included 44 rice porridges, 40 soft-boiled rices, 11 purees, and 6 powders. The mean values for iron (Fe) content were 0.05 to 0.45 mg/100 g (excepted powder type, mg/l0 g). This was equivalent to 22.35% for rice porridge, 10.55% for soft-boiled rice, 9.88% for puree and 2.74% for powder type compared to the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans), respectively. The mean values for zinc (Zn) was 0.06 to 0.28 mg/100 g (excepted powder type, mg/l0 g) and the KDRI ratio was the lowest at 5.94% in puree, with 27.76%, 28.95% and 10.91% in rice porridge, soft-boiled rice and powder type, respectively. Calcium (Ca) content relative to KDRIs was relatively low compared to other minerals, with 6.65% for rice porridge, 3.61% for soft-boiled rice, 6.24% for puree and 3.07% for powder type, respectively. The magnesium (Mg) content of baby food ranged from 13.4% to 39.0% compared to KDRIs, and was included in all baby food as a whole. For balanced nutritional mineral supply to infants, it is recommended that information on mineral sources and ingredients in convenience baby food be clearly provided to ensure proper growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1135-1141
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• 2000

For investigation of new utilization as jang-products, Meju was prepared using barely bran. As barley meju was fermented, change of pH was $5.2{\sim}5.6$, it was indistinguishable change. L-value of color was changed from 46.9 to 60.3, that meant it was getting moe dark. The counts of aerobic bacteria were $4.8{\times}10^7{\sim}5.6{\times}10^9$ CFU/g, it was extraordinarily increased during fermentation. Counts of Yeast, molds, and bacteria were $9.1{\times}10^6{\sim}5.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/g, $8.3{\times}10^5{\sim}6.9{\times}10^7$, and $2.0{\times}10^2{\sim}4.5{\times}10^6$ CFU/g, respectively. Crude ash content was $3146.0{\sim}7147.4$ mg%. The level of K was the highest in quantity among the crude ash in barely meju. 7 free sugars(i.e., raffnose, stachyose, inositol, fructose, glucose, arabinose, and maltose), 3 volatile organic acid(i.e., acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) and 4 non-volatile organic acid(i.e., fumaric acid, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$ acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were detected. The content of free amino acid was $596.3{\sim}1580.8$ mg%. Glutamic acid was most abundant component among the amino acids, 2nd abundant component was alanine, it's content was $79.9{\sim}165.3$ mg%, 3rd abundant component was leucine, it's count was $41.7{\sim}161.6$ mg%. Finally, essential amino acid content was revealed $33.2{\sim}40.38%$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.136-144
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• 2018

This study aimed to provide basic evidence regarding the development of materials by analyzing the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Streptococcus thermophilus KCCM 3782 strain-fermented Cordyceps militaris grown on Tenebrio molitor. Among the solvents tested, DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the hot water-extracted sample after 30 min of extraction. Moisture content decreased, whereas crude protein and fat content increased, after lactic acid bacteria-mediated fermentation. Sodium, magnesium, calcium, and zinc contents increased, with potassium levels attaining the maximum value, whereas free amino acid content decreased after the fermentation. Among Hunter's color values, a value increased to $66.7{\rightarrow}149.92$ after fermentation, whereas the L and b values decreased to $15.79{\rightarrow}-15.75$ and $54.45{\rightarrow}0.01$, respectively. Cordycepin content assay increased from 7.02 mg% to 8.66 mg%. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the fermented product was 91.92 EDA%, which was higher than that of the extract (84.69 EDA%). The ABTS free radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also higher in the fermented products.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

The contents of total nitrogen(T-N), phosphate($T-P_2O_5$), and potash($T-K_2O$) are important factors to determine the application rate of the livestock compost to prevent nutrients accumulation and maintain their appropriate levels in arable lands. The concentrations of nutrient, organic matter, salt, water content, heavy metal in livestock compost in circulation were investigated with 659 samples from 2016 to 2017. In order to investigate the fluctuation nutrient contents of livestock composts with the same product name, 19 samples were collected and analyzed T-N, and $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ concentration during two years. The mean levels of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ in livestock composts of from 2016 to 2017 were 1.73%, 1.88%, and 1.66%, respectively. The average contents of organic matter, water, and salt were 38.9%, 40.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. There were found that the maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in some livestock composts were exceeded the criteria of the official standard of commercial fertilizer. The maximum variation coefficient of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$ and $T-K_2O$ content of livestock composts was found to be 24%, 27%, and 50% on average, respectively. In order to manage the nutrients in agricultural soils, it will be reasonable that the error range of T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ content in livestock composts should be recommended to be 27% in mean as variation coefficient in case of displaying the nutrient element in liverstock compost.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.791-797
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the composition and microbiological properties of domestic sun-dried salt (white and gray salts) according to their collection time and production method. The results showed that the moisture contents of the white and gray sun-dried salts were 10.4~13.2% and 5.2~8.0%, respectively, and the sand contents were 0.1% and 0.2~0.3%, respectively, according to the month. Several samples exceeded the criteria of 15% moisture content and 0.2% sand content. The ash content and salinity of gray salt (below 85% and 90%, respectively) were higher than those of white salt (both below 80%). The total chloride contents of the salts collected in September and October were slightly lower than that of the others and exceeded the criteria of above 40%. In the case of mineral contents, there was no significant difference among the collection times because the analyses showed a marked deviation. The microbiological analysis showed that there was no significant difference among the production method, but the salt samples collected in September and October had relatively high detection rates of total aerobe, staphylococci, and halophilic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 1975

The following informations are known from physical and chemical characteristics of orchard soils and nutritional diagnosis of orange leaves in Jeju. 1. Most orange orchards are located on terrace and cindercone thus soil moisture and microclimate of an orchard will greatly be affected by its topography. 2. Excessive well drainage, shallow soil depth, high content of gravels, low solid phase ratio and strong wind will give severe problem of soil moisture and wind errosion, thus the exte- nsion of soil depth is necessary for maintain nutrients, water and sufficient root volume. 3. Available soil water was significantly and positively correlated with organic matter content and clay content also contributes to available soil water. Vinyl mulching was greatly helpful for soil water conservation, wind errosion prevention, soil temperature increases during winter. 4. Abundant amphoteric amorphous allophane take a key role to fix phosphorus and also rations and thus it is the major factor to determine fertilizer efficiency. Lime and phosphorus must be applied in deeper soil layer. Release of filed phosphorus must be reevluated for availability. 5. Organic matter such as see weeds will greatly increase fertilizer efficiency and low fertilizer efficiency during spring may be related to available soil water. 6. Nitrogen was in superoptimum and Mg was enough but P and Ca were somewhat deficient according to leaf analysies while K was deficient according to fruit analysis. Phosphorus application increased sugar/acid ratio and potassium decreases rind percentage. 7. Manganese deficiency and toxicity appeared in a few places. Iron and boron were enough. Most places showed tendency of copper excess but some places showed copper deficiency. 8. Soiling after elimination of rock base, application of slow release fertilizer and abundant organic matter, vinyl mulching and drip irrigation will increase fertilizer efficiency greatly and fruit yield drastically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.928-934
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• 2011

Nutritional compositions of acorn crude starch were analyzed according to country of origin, especially the mineral and sugar contents. Regarding the three kinds of starch of domestic (South Korea, KAS), Chinese (CAS), and North Korea (NAS) origins in the Korean market, NAS had the lowest moisture content as well as the highest contents of crude protein, crude fat, and carbohydrate. Regarding mineral contents, NAS contained the highest amounts of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorous, whereas CAS contained the highest iron and zinc contents. There were no significant differences in acidity and pH. Analysis of the monosaccharide contents of the starches showed that glucose was the highest in KAS while sucrose was the highest in CAS. The Hunter color L value was the lowest in NAS, whereas a and b values were the lowest in CAS. Total phenolic content was the highest in NAS. NAS had the highest DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities ($IC_{50}$: 47.0 mg/mL for DPPH, 0.038 mg/mL for hydroxyl) whereas KAS had similar DPPH ($IC_{50}$: 73.7 mg/mL for CAS, 86.8 mg/mL for KAS) and hydroxyl radical activities ($IC_{50}$: 0.041 mg/mL for CAS, 0.044 mg/mL for KAS) as compared to CAS.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 1996

The experiment was carried out to find aromatic constituent composition of Codonopsis lanceolata species grown in the native(Mt. lrwol, Youngyang, Kyungpuk Province) and the cultivated(Andong, Kyungpuk Province) areas from 1994 to 1995. The results were as follows : Air temperature and soil temperature at the native area were lower to $2{\sim}3^{\circ}C$, and to $2^{\circ}C$ than the cultivated area. Organic matter contents of plant grown at the native area higher than that of plants at the cultivated area by 4.8%. Crude protein content was higher in plant grown at native area than the plant grown in wild area but in case of crude saponin, plants grown at wild area was higher than that of native area. For inorganic element contents. K content is much higher than in the domesticated area as compared with wild area above ten over. And other elements such as Cu, Mn, Na and Mg were not remarkably different in contents. In the free amino acid compositions, argine was highest compared with other free amino acids, and Arginine content was higher in dometicated area. Recovery yield of essential oil of wild species grown at the cultivated showed 0.005%, but domesticated species was 0.004%. But both species at the native area were the same by 0.004%. Although composition of aromatic constituents in the two areas and species varied, total aromatic constituent was 21 kinds. Most aromatic constituents were aliphatic alcohols such as 1-hexanol, eis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol occupied by approximately 90% over. But three constituets as amylalcohol, furfuryl acetate, and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol(MVP) were detected only in domesticated species.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2002

This study investigated the ecological environment of Dongguneung, which royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty aye in. The aim of this study is to do an effective preservation, management and restoration of the royal tomb and garden of the Joseon Dynasty distributed in Seoul and Kyunggi Province through using the data of Dongguneung. In general, Dongguneung contains the predominant Oak class such as Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica community, while a flatland surrounding its control office, which is often flooded with the rainy season in summer, is mainly Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora community ranges around the royal tomb. The subcommunity of Quercus serrata -Quereus mongolica community is distributed into Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis, Carpinus laxiflora and typical subcommunity and so on. In particular, Robinia pseudo -acacia, Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity, and Alnus japonica community were forested. The soil class of Dongguneung was mainly a sandy loam and its pH was an average of 4.67 (from 4.36 to 5.68). The content of heavy metals including Cu, Pb and Zn etc. in the soil was about twice as much as the natural content in the forest soil. The content of organism and total nitrogen in the topsoil layer was the average of 4.87% and 0.21% respectively, slightly higher than those (organism； 4.55%, total nitrogen； 0.20%) of the forest soil generated from granite bedrock. Cation exchange capacity as the indicator of soil fertility was 15.0 cmol $kg^{-1}$, higher than that in the granite forest soil. However among base exchangeable cations, contents of $Ca^{2+}$ (2.07 cmol $kg^{-1}$), $Mg^{2+}$ (0.40 cmol $kg^{-1}$) and K+ (0.25 cmol $kg^{-1}$) were slightly lower than that. The above results could reflect the need of soil fertilization and liming for the improvement of nutritional status and buffer process.