• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 1989

From the seeds of Zizyphus vulgaris var. spinosus, aporphine alkaloids : nuciferine, N-methylasimilobine, nornuciferine, norisocorydine, caaverine and tetrahydro benzylisoquinoline alkaloid : (+) coclaurine were isolated and identified. Zyzyphusine, a new quaternary aporphinium alkaloid form butanol soluble fraction was isolated and characterized by spectral data.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.203-207
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• 1987

Sedative principles of the seeds of Zizyphus vulgaris var. sphinosus have been characterized as sanjoinine-A (frangufoline), nuciferine and their congeners. Also, heat treatment of sanjoinine-A-produced a more active artifact, sanjoinine-Ahl, which provides a scientific basis for heat-processing (roasting) of this Oriental medicine.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sedative activity of four aporphine alkaloids (APA) and nine cyclopeptide alkaloids(CPA), which had been isolated from the seeds (sanjoin) of Zizyphus vulgaris var. spinosus, and the fruits and stem bark of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis. The assessment of sedative activity was carried out, employing a hexobarbital-induced sleeping time method in mice. When the relative sedative potency of sanjoinine-A(CPA) was given as one unit, those of nuciferine (APA), lysicamine (APA), chlorpromazine (positive control), and sanjoinine -Ahl (an epimer of sanjoinine-A) were 13, 6.5, 5, and 3, respectively. The sedatvie activities of other CPAs were much lower than those of sanjoinine-A and -Ahl, and other APAs were not active. On heat treatment, nuciferine and lysicamine were degraded into some artifacts which exhibited no sedative activity, while sanjoinine-A was converted into sanjoinine-Ahl which showed more potent sedative activity. These results suggested that nuciferine and sanjoinine-A were major sedative components of native sanjoin, and that sanjoinine-A and its epimeric artifact, sanjoinineAhl were the active principles of roasted sanjoin. It provides a scientific basis for heat-processing (roasting) of this Oriental medicine.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2005

본 연구는 비육돈 사철내 산조인의 첨가가 성장, 혈액 내 cortisol 및 육질에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종(Duroc${\times}$Yorkshir${\times}$Landrace) 비육돈 36두를 공시하였으며 시험개시시의 체중은 $91{\pm}2.11$ kg이었다. 시험설계는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료를 30일동안 급여한 처리구(CON:대조구), 대조구 사료를 15일 급여후 산조인 0.1% 첨가한 사료를 15일 급여한 처리구(T1), 대조구 사료내 산조인 0.1%를 첨가하여 30일간 급여한 처리구(T2)로 3개 처리를 하여 처리당 3반복 반복당 4두씩 임의 배치하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율은 전 시험기간에서 처리구간의 통계적인 차이를 보이지는 않았으나, 대조구에 비해 산조인을 첨가한 처리구가 사료섭취량은 감소하면서 사료효율은 증가하는(p<0.05)경향을 보였다. 등지방 두께는 대조구에 비해 T1처리구가 유의적으로 얇게 나타났다(p<0.05). 처리구별 A등급과 B등급의 출현율은 CON이 58%, T1은 74%, 그리고 T2는 84%를 보였다. 등심의 L/sup */값은 대조구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 높게 나타났지만(p<0.05) 저장 7일후 처 리구 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였고 T2 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 또한 적색도를 나타내는 a/sup */값과 황색도를 나타내는 b/sup */값에서 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 혈액 내 cortisol의 수준은 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나 T2 처리구가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 마블링, 단단함 및 육색의 NPPC에 의한 결과에서는 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 사료내 산조인의 첨가는 육질에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 보이나, 기능성 돈육으로서의 비육돈 자체의 생리활성이나 돈육의 지방산 조성등 육질 평가에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요하리라 여겨진다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1982

Zizyphus seed(Zizyphus vulgaris Lamark var. Spinosus Bunge) has long been used as hypnotics and sedatives in oriental medicine, and it is reported that the Zizyphus seed elicited a variety of pharmacologic actions besides CNS depression. Present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system and on the blood pressure. The effect of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system was measured by the influence of thiopental sleeping time and by inhibition of chemical convulsion (strychnine and pentylenetetrazol induced). Blood pressure changes by Zizyphus extract and its mode of action were investigated. The ground Zizyphus seed was extracted with hexane and methanol, consecutively and the supernatants were discarded. The precipitate was re-extracted with distilled water and the supernatant was evaporated to a dark-brownish sticky liquid, which was used as Zizyphus seed extract in this study after dissolving in saline prior to experiment. The results are as follows. 1) Zizyphus seed extract caused marked prolongation of the thiopental sleeping time in mice. 2) The chemical convulsion by strychnine and pentylenetetrazol, and the mortality by them in chicks were not affected by pretreatment of Zizyphus seed extract. 3) Zizyphus seed extract produced transient fall of blood pressure in the cat, and this hypotentive effect was blocked partially by atropine but not affected by bilateral vagotomy and/or hexamethonium, nor propranolol and, chlorpheniramine and/or cimetidine. With the above results, it may be suggested that the water extract of Zizyphus seeds contains components producing CNS depression and hypotension. Furthermore it is felt that the cholinergic effect, but not the adrenergic or histaminergic, is partly responsible for the hypotensive effect of Zizyphus seed extract.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.202-206
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• 2001

The effects of various sedative cyclopeptides and peptide alkaloids from the Zizyphus species on calmodulin-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ -ATPase and phosphodiesterase were Investigated. Calmodulin-induced activation of $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase was strongly inhibited by sanjoinine-A dialdehyde (IC_{50}$, 2.3$\mu\textrm{m}$), -Ah1 (IC_{50}$, 4.0$\mu\textrm{m}$), -A (IC, 4.6$\mu\textrm{m}$), and -G2 (IC_{50}$, 7.2$\mu\textrm{m}$), while calmodulin-induced activation of phosphodiesterase was strongly inhibited by both deachuine- S10 (IC_{50}$, 4.9$\mu\textrm{m}$) and sanjoinine-D (IC_{50}$, 9.0$\mu\textrm{m}$). The inhibitory activity of the various cyclopeptides and peptide alkaloids on $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase was found to correlate well with their Sedative activity.

• 생약학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.203-207
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• 1981

The acute toxicity and sedative activity of flavonoids and saponin isolated from Zizyphus seeds have been evaluated in mice. All the compounds elicited potentiation of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis, inhibition of ladder-climbing and caffeine-induced hyperactivity. Swertisin was the most potent of all flavonoids tested. The potency of saponin in these tests was found to be higher than that of swertisin. The activities in rotarod test and electroshock seizure test, on the other hand, were relatively weak or nil. From these findings it was suggested that flavonoids and saponin from Zizyphus seeds have neuroleptic activity without anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant activity accompanied by neurological deficit.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

16종의 한약재 및 약용식물류의 열수 추출물에 대한 흡광도, 총페놀화합물 및 플라보노이드 함량과 이들의 항산화 효과를 분석하였다. 추출수율은 단삼이 $35.49\%$로 다른 시료에 비하여 월등히 높았으며 pH는 $4.00\~5.92$의 범위로 산성 pH에 더 가까웠다. 방향족 화합물의 함량을 검색하고자 $250{\mu}g/mL$농도의 시료로 280 nm에서 흡광도를 측정한 결과 꿀풀이 2.872로 가장 높았으며 엉겅퀴와 산사육, 산조인은 0.5이하의 낮은 흡광도를 나타내었다. 갈색화 반응 생성물의 흡광도를 측정한 결과도 유사한 경향을 나타내어 꿀풀의 경우 1.312로 가장 높은 값을 다음은 옥수수수염 (0.917), 금물초(0.725) 순이었다. 총 페놀 화합물의 함량은 꿀풀이 $5.07{\pm}0.05mg/100g$으로 다른 시료에 비하여 월등히 높은 함량이었고 플라보노이드의 함량은 단삼에서 $4.82{\pm}1.16\;mg/100g$으로 다른 시료에 비하여 약 2배 정도 높은 함량이었다. 대부분의 시료에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 전자공여 효과도 높아지는 경향을 보였는데 산조인, 산수유, 단삼은 $1000{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 $90\%$ 이상의 전자공여 효과를 나타내었다. 환원력도 전자공여능과 유사한 경향이었으나 BHT와 비교할 때 유의적으로 낮은 환원력을 나타내었다. 아질산염 소거능은 $500{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 $50\%$ 이상의 소거효과를 나타낸 시료는 꿀풀과 금물초 2종에 불과하였으며 $1000{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서는 산조인, 산수유, 감국, 꿀풀, 금물초, 오가피, 단삼, 울금이 $50\%$ 이상의 소거효과를 나타내었다. 꿀풀의 경우 전 농도에서 다른 시료들에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 아질산염 소거효과를 나타내어 $250{\mu}g/mL$에서는 $59.62{\pm}1.573\%,\;1000{\mu}g/mL$에서는 $80.58{\pm}0.300\%$의 소거효과를 보였다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.15-36
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• 2007

Objective : This study was to investigate the effects of several herbs on the levels of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors Methods: It was investigated the effects of several herbs such as WEDL, WEZV, WEFO, WEOC on the levels of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors using C6 glial cell model. ${\beta}-estradiol$ treatment, as a positive control group, under non-cytotoxic condition. Results : 1. The water extracts of Dimocarpus long (WEDL) induced the levels of MT2 melatonin receptor expression in a concentration-dependent manner without altering the levels of MT1 melatonin receptor expression. 2. The treatment with the water extract of Zizyphus vulgaris (WEZV) induced the levels of MT1 melatonin receptor expression and the levels of MT2 melatonin receptor expression was not affected. 3. The levels of MT1 as well as MT2 melatonin receptor expression were markedly up-regulated in the water extract of Fossilia ossis (WEFO) and the water extract of Ostreae caro (WEOC)-treated C6 cells. 4. The combination treatment with WEDL and WEZV induced not only the levels of MT1 melatonin receptor expression but also MT2 melatonin receptor expression, but the synergic effects of the combination treatment with WEFO and WEOC were not detected in C6 cells. Conclusion : The study provides important new insights into the possible mechanisms on the regulation of melatonin receptor synthesis by WEDL, WEZV, WEFO and WEOC.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.373-390
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of coated feed using mixed oil on rumen fermentation characteristics. Two experiments were conducted based on materials that were mixed. First, cashew nut and soybean oils were mixed with white mineral oil. And second, different plant extracts were mixed with white mineral oil. At first experiment, inclusion levels of mixed oil on diet (0.03%, 0.1%, 0.5%) were applied as variables. A coated diet was fermented with rumen inoculum according to in vitro rumen fermentation and its parameters were investigated. In the result of first experiment, no negative effects on rumen pH were found. Significantly decreased dry matter digestibility was detected at 0.5% treatment (P<0.05). Total gas productions in control and 0.03% were significantly greater than those of others (P<0.05). Significantly reduced methane productions were found in all treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). Inclusion of mixed oil did not affect on ammonia production. Total volatile fatty acid production was also not influenced by coating with mixed oils. Rumen fermentation parameters were greatly changed according to introduced plant extracts at second experiment. The significantly lowest and greatest ammonia productions were found at treatments with Ixeris dentata and Plantago asiatica, respectively (P<0.05). The significantly greatest acetate and propionate productions were detected at treatments with Crucuma longa and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, respectively (P<0.05). All treatments, except Chrysanthemum idicum, Euyale ferox seed, Moringa leaf and fruit and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, showed significantly increased total volatile fatty acid production compared to the control (P<0.05). Only Paeonia lactiflora showed significantly lesser gas production than the control (P<0.05). In methane production, Ceramium, Zizyphus, Paeonia, Agrimonia, Torilis, Mugwort, Foeniculum, Euphorbia, Taraxacum, Artemisia, Momordica, Curcuma and Moringa reduced methane significantly compared to the control (P<0.05).