• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess whether plant-based meat substitutes can effectively replace animal meat products in terms of amino acid composition and zinc bioavailability. The evaluation was conducted in response to the growing demand for meat substitutes, driven by the increasing vegan population and the expansion of vegan culture. For this purpose, a chicken product and two plant-based meat substitutes in tender form were selected. The amino acid content and composition were measured using HPLC, while the levels of trace elements like zinc and calcium were determined through ICP-AES. Additionally, the presence of phytic acid, which inhibits zinc bioavailability, was extracted and quantified using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results were analyzed in the context of daily product consumption. The findings revealed that certain essential amino acids, such as valine and lysine, were found to be deficient in plant-based meat substitutes compared to animal meat products. It was challenging to meet the recommended daily intake of these amino acids solely through the use of meat substitutes. Regarding zinc bioavailability, the inhibitory effect of calcium on zinc bioavailability was expected to be minimal. The zinc bioavailability of the meat substitutes varied significantly depending on the zinc and phytic acid content of the ingredients. Therefore, ingredients of plant-based meat substitutes should be carefully modulated to reach appropriate zinc bioavailability by selecting and processing plant materials with high zinc and low phytic acid content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.387-396
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of increase in the ratio of zinc to copper and alcohol consumption on serum lipid content in Sprague-Dawley male rats during five weeks. Sixty rats were divided into six groups, CZ < zinc 30ppm diet >, CZA < zinc 30 ppm diet plus alcohol 5% solution >, HZ < zinc 300ppm diet >, HZA < zinc 300ppm diet plus alcohol 5% solution >, SHZ < zinc 600ppm diet >, SHZA < zinc 600 ppm diet plus alcohol 5% solution >. High ratio of zinc to copper groups < HZ, SHZ > were significantly decreased in high-density lipoprotein (p<0.01) and increased in total cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid in serum(p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.01). Triglyceride levels of serum in alcohol groups < CZA, HZA, SHZA > were significantly higher (p<0.001) than non-alcohol group < CCZ, HZ, SHZ >. Copper levels of serum were reduced in group high ratio of zinc to copper. These results present that high ratio of zinc to copper increase cholesterol(p<0.001) and alcohol consumption increase triglyceride(p<0.001) in serum. This close association to lipid metabolism in rats draw attention to the potential significance of zinc and alcohol nutriture in relation to cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1324-1377
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• 1998

This study was conducted for two purposes ; (1) to develop a database for zinc levels in commonly usef Korean food items ; and (2) to calculated the zinc intake fo Korean adults living in a rural area. The currently used Korean food compositinotable was supplemented in term sof zinc content using several methods ; (1) analyzing 98 Korean Food items frequently consumed by Korean adults living in rural area. ; (2) adapting values from U.S Minnesota for 71 items ; and (3) imputing values from similar food for 282 items. A new zinc nutrient databse was constructed including zinc contentrs of 1,195 food items. Zinc intake of rural Korean adults was estimated by a 240hours recall method from 2 ,037 adults over 30 over 30years of age in Yeonchon -gun , Kyunggi province of Korea. Mean daily zinc intake of all subjects was 61mg an dmean intake level of males (7.0mg/day, 46.85 of RDA) was significantly thigher than females(5.2mg/day, 43.0% of RDA). Subjects in their 40's had the highest zinc intak ewhile those over 70 years of age consumed the least amount of zinc. The food group that contributed most to the dietary ainc intake of subjects was cereals and grain products supplying 38% of total zinc intake. The next most important group for zinc intak ewas the meat, poultry , and product group supplying 26% ot total intake. This group was followed by fishes and shellfishes, legumes and their products, and vegetales . For individual food items , reicecontribued most, supplying 27% of total zinc intake follwoed by beef(10%) and prok(9%) . Altogether, plant foods supplied 68% of zinc intake suggesting that the bioabailability of dietary ainc is low. In conclusion, these results show ethat the zinc intake of rural Korean adults is low and that sources of dietary zinc are mainly plant foods, suggesting low bioavailability . Further studies are needed to determine zinc intake and status of Korean population. The zinc database developed in this study will be very valuable for such studies.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.145-148
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• 1985

Nickel toxicity and interactions of nickel with zinc, copper, and lead were studied in glowing chicks fed supplemented diet. Feed intake and growth rate of the chick were reduced by 250mg nickel as a sulfate salt per kg of feed. The toxicity of nickel was decreased by zinc or copper supplementation, but not lead. High nickel feed increased nickel level in kidney and decreased zinc levels in tibia and plasma. However, low zinc levels in tibia and in plasma were reversed by zinc supplementation. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and aortic elastin content were increased in chicks fed nickel. These results suggest that nickel toxicity is induced by interference with zinc metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.325-330
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity index and effect of dietary zinc and iron levels on serum trace minerals status in the high fat diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and high fat diet groups. Ten weeks later, the control and high fat diet group were rearranged into six groups by zinc and iron levels. After 16 wk serum zinc, iron, copper and manganese was analyzed. Obesity index was significantly higher in the group fed high fat diet (20% lard) than that of control group (5% corn oil). Body fat content was 12.10$\pm$4.51g/100g BW in high fat diet group and 7.64$\pm$4.18g/100g BW in control group. So, the obese rats were successfully induced by high fat diet. The trace mineral concentration of obese rats in serum were affected by zinc levels. Serum zinc concentration was increased by dietary zinc overload, whereas the iron, copper and manganese were decreased. Specially the manganese concentration was significantly affected by zinc levels. In both groups, serum trace mineral concentration was not changed significantly by the dietary iron levels. There were positive correlations between zinc, iron and manganese concentration according to dietary zinc and iron levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.705-712
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the zinc and copper nutritional status of 102 college women by measuring zinc and copper intake, hematological parameters of zinc and copper, hair zinc and urinary excretion of zinc and copper. The mean zinc intake was 5.5mg(45.8% RDA) with food analysis and 4.5mg(37.8% RDA) with computation from food composition table. The copper intake with food analysis was 2.3mg and 1.2mg with computation. Mean serum zinc concentration was 77.02ug/dl and the proportion of subjects with zinc deficiency estimated by serum zinc(<70ug/dl)was 23.0%. Mean serum copper concentration was 121.80ug/dl and 4.1% of subjects showed serum copper less than 70ug/dl, The mean ceruloplasmin concentration was 22.63mg/dl and the proportion of subjects whose ceruloplasmin was lower than 18-40mg/dl was 6.6%. The mean hair zinc of subjects was 143.8ppm and the mean hair copper was 11.2ppm. The mean urinary excretion of zinc was 0.43mg/day and the proportion of subjects with marginal deficiency estimated by urinary zinc excretion( <0.3mg/day) was 23.3%. The mean urinary copper excretion was 0.044mg/day which was within the normal range(0.01-0.06mg/day). Assessing by zinc content in hair, urine and serum, 22.9-23.3% of college women had bordeline zinc deficiency or zinc deficiency. Whereas 4.1-6.6% of college women was assessed copper deficiency estimated by serum copper and ceruloplasmin.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.580-587
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• 2014

Composite films of zinc calcium alginate were prepared by a film maker from 7 wt% sodium alginate solution and then they solidified into 3, 5 wt% content $ZnCl_2$, $CaCl_2$ solution followed by washing and drying at room temperature. The characteristics were measured with several methods (antimicrobial activity, water solubility, swelling ratio and viscosity, SEM, EDS) and the film properties were investigated. Composite films of zinc calcium alginate showed an increase in the water resistance by increasing $ZnCl_2$ and $CaCl_2$ content and the antimicrobial test showed that the calcium alginate as well as zinc alginate films result in excellent antimicrobial activity in the two strains, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli. The results show the possible improvement of the physical properties of composite films.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.258-266
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc on the carbohydrate metabolism and the serum content of magnesium and chromium in rats fed normal diet. Animals were divided into three groups by different dietary zinc levels which were low(15ppm), normal(30ppm) or high(60ppm). Serum glucose and Insulin concentrations were assessed by the glucose method and the radio immuno assay respectively. Serum zinc. magnesium and chromium contents were measured by Indectively Coupled Plasma(ICP). Results of the study were as follows : 1. Feed intake in a zinc deficiency group was significantly higher than that in other group, but the weight gain in high zinc diet group was significantly lower than in other groups. 2. There were no significant differences in liver, kidney and spleen weight. 3. Serum glucose, insulin and zinc concentrations were not significantly different among different dietary zinc groups, However serum magnesium and chromium concentrations were significantly decreased as the level of dietary zinc was increased.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.257-268
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Zinc is an essential trace mineral which is important for the growth and development of the human body and immunological and neurological functions. Inadequate zinc intake may cause zinc deficiency with its adverse consequences. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dietary zinc intake levels and sources among Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 yr who had completed a 24-h recall were included. The dietary zinc intake of each individual was calculated by applying data from a newly developed zinc content database to the KNHANES raw data. We also compared the extracted data with the sex-, age-specific reference values suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. The prevalence of adequate zinc intake was then evaluated by the proportion of the individuals who met the estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS: The mean zinc intake of Koreans aged ≥ 1 yr and adults aged ≥ 19 yrs were 10.2 and 10.4 mg/day, equivalent to 147.4% and 140.8% of the EAR, respectively. Approximately 2 in 3 Koreans met the EAR for zinc, but the zinc intake differed slightly among the different age and sex groups. In children aged 1-2 yrs, 2 out of 5 exceeded the upper level of intake, and nearly half of the younger adults (19-29 yrs) and the elders (≥ 75 yrs) did not meet the EAR. The major contributing food groups were grains (38.9%), meats (20.4%), and vegetables (11.1%). The top 5 food contributors to zinc intake were rice, beef, pork, egg, and baechu kimchi, which accounted for half of the dietary intake. CONCLUSION: The mean zinc intake among Koreans was above the recommended level, but 1 in 3 Koreans had inadequate zinc intake and some children were at risk of excessive zinc intake. Our study included zinc intake from diet only, thus to better understand zinc status, further research to include intake from dietary supplements is needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2004

The objective was to evaluate the factors influencing on the growth of children aged 3 - 6 years by mini dietary assessment and anthropometric indices in 556 children and by analyzing mineral contents of hair from 273 children by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean concentration of zinc (Zn) in hair was 68.9 $\pm$ 31.1 ppm and the zinc level of 91 ％ children was less than 60％ of the reference value of 180 ppm. The mean content of lead (Pb) in hair was 1.76 $\pm$ 1.20 ppm, but only 67％ of 273 children was within the reference value of 2 ppm and the lead level of 33％ of children was 2 - 4 times higher than the reference value. The level of Zn was negatively correlated with Pb content (r = -0.305, p 〈 0.01). Hair Zn content, regardless of age, was significantly positively correlated with height (r = 0.214) and body weight (r = 0.159). The height of 95.3％ children was belonged to the normal range of 90 - 109.9％ of standard value and the body weight of 49.8％ children was in the range of 90 - 109.9％ of standard value. However, 8.1 ％ children was overweighted (110 - 119.9％ of standard) and 9.4％ children was obese (120 - 149.9％ of standard) and 0.9％ children was severe obese (〉 150％) which resulted in total 10.3％ obese. Contrary to our expectation, 32.8％ children was underweight (70 - 89.9％ of standard) and 36％ of the underweight children showed the low content of zinc (10 - 49 ppm) in hair. There was no significant correlation between dietary intake of Zn and hair Zn content. Hair Zn content was low even though children consumed greater than 75％ of their requirement for zinc. Regardless of dietary intake of Zn, hair Zn level was rather negatively correlated to the content of Pb in hair. 38.8％ children had an unbalanced diet which resulted in lower intake of calorie, Ca, Zn, vitamin B$_2$ compared with those consuming variety of foods. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habit having the unbalanced diet in preschool children. It might be also suggested to develop new food products to complement the nutrients of Zn, Ca, Fe as snacks or dietary supplement for Korean preschool children.