• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.347-353
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Montelukast sodium in the prevention of bronchopulmonarydysplasia (BPD). Methods: The Interventional study was designed as a multicenter, prospective, and randomized trial, with open labeled and parallel-experimental groups, 66 infants were enrolled and allocated to either the case group (n=30) or the control group (n=36) based on gestational age (GA). Infants in the case group were given Montelukast sodium (Singulair) based on their body weight (BW). Zero week was defined as the start time of the study. Results: The incidence of moderate to severe BPD was not different between the groups (case group: 13 of 30 [43.3%] vs. control group: 19 of 36 [52.8%], P=0.912). Additionally, secondary outcomes such as ventilation index, mean airway pressure and resort to systemic steroids were not significantly different. There were no serious adverse drug reactions in either group, and furthermore the rate of occurrence of mild drug related-events were not significantly different (case group: 10 of 42 [23.8%] vs. control group: 6 of 48 (15.8%), P=0.414). Conclusion: Montelukast was not effective in reducing moderate or severe BPD. There were no significant adverse drug events associated with Montelukast treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to compare the residue levels of pesticides among lettuce, kale and perilla leaf depending on the morphological characteristics of plant. Residue levels were investigated at the zero, second, fifth days after last application, 9 species of systemic or non-systemic pesticide were twice applied with 7 days interval by knapsack power sprayer with 2 heads fan shape nozzle. Ratios of leaf area to weight ($cm^2$ $g^{-1}$) were 58 of perilla leaf, 27 of lettuce and 23 of kale. Ratios of leaf area to weight of perilla leaf was 2.1 times higher than that of lettuce. Residue levels of perilla leaf were 1.3 to 2.3 times higher than those of lettuce at the day of spraying and 1.3 to 3.3 times higher at the fifth day. Therefore the differences of pesticide residues between perilla leaf and lettuce were affected by the ratio of leaf area to weight. Residue levels in lettuce were 2.4 to 7.3 times higher than those in kale at the day of spraying because the adhesive effect of pesticide particles on kale leaf was low.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.2 s.28
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

An existing Steel pipe, Cast iron pipe and Concrete pipe is can not escaped from aging, specially Metal tube is causing many problems that the quality of water worse is concerned about many rust and mike efficient use of preservation of water. The use of Glassfiber Reinforced Plastic Pipe(GRP PIPE) should be one of the possible scheme to get over these problems. The GRP PIPE has an excellent resistance power and the life is lasting from 50 to 100 years roughly. It's to be useful as a result of high durability and a good construction work also it is a light weight therefore can be expected to short the time of construction and man power. In this research, to executed the small-scaled model test, in-situ model test using CLSM of in-situ soil and to evaluated the stress - strain of the pipe also try to estimated how useful is. From the model test in laboratory, the vertical and horizontal deformation of the GRP PIPE measured in six instance using 200mm and 300mm in diameters. The value of experimentation, theory, analysis got the same results of the test, but the vertical and horizontal deformation gauged in small and the earth pressure was almost zero using CLSM of in-situ soil..

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2012

The past researches on roadway segment safety estimation focused on intersections, which are the primary traffic accident regions. The past researches on roadway segments, However, analyzed the effects of certain factors on the traffic accident occurrence rate by organizing the individual geometric structures of the roads, and there is still a dearth of researches on the development of a traffic accident estimation model for rural roadway segments. Therefore, this research focused on rural two-lane and multilane roadway segments and developed traffic accident estimation models through the application of statistical techniques. This is required to explain such high frequency of zero counts in the traffic accident data. In this research, it was found that the Hurdle model is more suitable than the Poisson or negative binomial-regression model for explaining the excess zeros case. In addition, main variables were chosen to estimate their effects on traffic accident occurrence at rural roadway segments, and the safety at such rural roadway segments was estimated. In this research, it was assumed that there are different factors that affect the safety at two-way lane and multilane roadway segments, and a traffic accident estimation model was developed by dividing the two-way lane and multilane roadway segments.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

It is well accepted that modem emulsion explosives are intrinsically much less sensitive than traditional products such as dynamites or black powder. However, they have still been involved in a significant number of accidental explosions. In October 1975, Canadian Research, Limited's, Energetic Research Laboratory in Quebec exploded. Although explanations for the incident varied, one logical explanation was that the pump used in transporting the emulsion dead headed, thereby turning mechanical work in to frictional heating under a zero flow rate. There is a minimum pressure required for combustion(MBP) to propagate in emulsion explosives. A stable deflagration may lead to a deflagration-to-detonation transition(DDT) in emulsion explosives. Tests were also performed on sensitized sampled consisting of 6 to 21% waters as well as 1 to 11% aluminium powder. It was founded the emulsion explosives consisting of 6% waters had the lowest minimum homing pressure(MBP) of 3 bar, and the 21% waters were unable to achieve sustained homing at pressures as high as 100 bar. The aluminium contained explosives tested here displayed a MBP higher than that of without emulsion. It appears that this test may offer a firm ground for the classification of emulsion explosives in view of the regulating the hazards associated with the various process used for their manufacturing and transport.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1997

It has been demonstrated that majority of cells in the mammalian body such as myocytes and epithelial cells of skin and intestine respond to mechanical force or environmental factors and exhibit partial disruption of cell membrane, i. e., cell wounding, even in a physiological condition. Myocardial cells are rather apt to be wounded than other cells since they are definitely exposed to mechanical stress by contraction-relaxation and blood flow. However, the mechanism how myocardial cells protect themselves against cell wounding is not yet clarified. On this background, the present study was performed to elucidate whether albumin leakage is related to cell wounding and to assess whether diltiazem, a potent calcium channel blocker, is beneficial in isoproterenol-induced cell wounding in the heart. Hearts isolated from New Zealand White rabbits ($1.5\sim2.0kg$ body weight, n=20) were perfused with Tyrode solution by Langendorff technique. After stabilization of baseline hemodynamics, the hearts were subjected to bolus administration of isoproterenol and diltiazem as following order: $1.6{\mu}M$ isoproterenol at zero min (the beginning point): $16{\mu}M$ diltiazem at 20min; $1.6{\mu}M$ isoproterenol at 25min; $16{\mu}M$ isoproterenol at 45 min; $160{\mu}M$ diltiazem at 65 min; $16{\mu}M$ isoproterenol at 70 min. During all experiments, the left ventricular function was recorded, albumin leakage in the coronary effluents was analyzed by electrophoresis and Western blot, and myocardial cell membranes were examined by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by t-test and linear regression test. Isoproterenol significantly increased the inotropic and chronotropic contractions, coronary flow, and frequency of arrhythmia, however, diltiazem did not influence on hemodynamics except decrease in the frequency of arrhythmia and a slight decrease in contractility. Isoproterenol also resulted partial disruption of myocardial cell membrane and inclose in albumin leakage, while diltiazem pretreatment showed number of electron-dense plaques in the cell membrane and a tendency of decrease in albumin leakage. These results indicate that albumin leakage may be an indirect index of cell wounding in the heart and diltiazem nay be beneficial to protect myocardial cells against isoproterenol-induced cell wounding. It is likely that diltiazem promotes resealing process of the cell membrane.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.25-29
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• 1998

본 논문은 얼굴 인식 또는 표정 인식 분야에 있어서 중요한 특징을 나타내는 얼굴과 얼굴의 주요소인 눈과 입, 눈썹의 영역 추출 및 그의 윤곽선·추출에 관한 방법을 제시한다. 얼굴요소의 영역 추출은 엣지 정보와 이진화 영상을 병합하여 이용한 프로젝션 분석을 통하여 얼굴 및 각 얼굴요소를 포함하는 최소포함사각형(MER: Minimum Enclosing Rectangle)을 추출하였다. 얼굴 영상에 관련된 윤곽선 연구에는 가변 템플릿(Deformable Template), 스네이크(Snakes: Active Contour Model)를 이용하는 연구들이 이루어지고 있는데 가변 템플릿 방법은 수행시간이 느리고 추출된 윤곽선의 모양이 획일 된 모양을 갖는 특성이 있다. 본 논문에서는 사람마다 얼굴요소의 모양의 개인차가 반영되고 빠른 수렴을 할 수 있는 스네이크 모델을 정의하여 눈, 입, 눈썹, 얼굴의 윤곽선 추출 실험을 하였다. 또한 스네이크는 초기 윤곽선의 설정이 윤곽선의 추출 곁과에 큰 영향을 미치므로, 초기 윤곽선의 설정 과정이 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 얼굴 및 각 얼굴요소를 포함하는 각각의 최소 포함 사각형(MER)을 추출하고, 이 추출된 MER 내에서 얼굴 및 각 얼굴요소의 일반적인 모양을 초기 윤곽선으로 설정하는 방법을 사용하였다. 실험결과 눈, 입, 얼굴의 MER의 추출은 모두 성공하였고, 눈썹이 흐린 사람들의 경우에만 눈썹의 MER추출이 졸지 않았다. 추출된 MER을 기반으로 하여 스네이크 모델을 적용한 결과, 눈, 입, 눈썹, 얼굴의 다양한 모양을 반영한 윤곽선 추출 결과를 보였다. 특히 눈의 경우는 1차 유도 엣지 연산자에 의한 엣지 와 2차 유도 연산자를 이용한 영점 교차점(Zero Crossing)과 병합한 에너지 함수를 설정하여 보다 더 나은 윤곽선 추출 결과를 보였다. 얼굴의 윤곽선의 경우도 엣지 값과 명도 값을 병합한 에너지 함수에 의해 비교적 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.잘 동작하였다.되는 데이타를 입력한후 마우스로 원하는 작업의 메뉴를 선택하면 된다. 방법을 타액과 혈청내 testosterone 농도 측정에 응용하여 RIA의 결과와 비교하여 본 바 상관관계가 타액에서 r=0.969, 혈청에서 r=0.990으로 두 결과가 잘 일치하였다. 본 실험에서 측정된 한국인 여성의 타액내 testosterone농도는 107.7$\pm$12.0 pmol／l이었고, 남성의 타액내 농도는 274.2$\pm$22.1 pmol／l이었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본 연구에서 정립된 EIA 방법은 RIA를 대신하여 소규모의 실험실에서도 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사려된다.또한 상실기 이후 배아에서 합성되며, 발생시기에 따라 그 영향이 다르고 팽창과 부화에 관여하는 것으로 사료된다. 더욱이, 조선의 ${\ulcorner}$구성교육${\lrcorner}$이 조선총독부의 관리하에서 실행되었다는 것을, 당시의 사범학교를 중심으로 한 교육조직을 기술한 문헌에 의해 규명시켰다.nd of letter design which represents -natural objects and was popular at the time of Yukjo Dynasty, and there are some documents of that period left both in Japan and Korea. "Hyojedo" in Korea is supposed to have been influenced by the letter design. Asite- is also considered to have been "Japanese Letter Jobcheso." Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look into the origin of the letter designs in the Chinese character culture

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.128-135
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• 1995

Atomic force microscopy/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) techniques are increasingly used for tribological studies of engineering surfaces at scales, ranging from atomic and molecular to microscales. These techniques have been used to study surface roughness, adhesion, friction, scratching/wear, indentation, detection of material transfer, and boundary lubrication and for nanofabrication/nanomachining purposes. Micro/nanotribological studies of single-crystal silicon, natural diamond, magnetic media (magnetic tapes and disks) and magnetic heads have been conducted. Commonly measured roughness parameters are found to be scale dependent, requiring the need of scale-independent fractal parameters to characterize surface roughness. Measurements of atomic-scale friction of a freshly-cleaved highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite exhibited the same periodicity as that of corresponding topography. However, the peaks in friction and those in corresponding topography were displaced relative to each other. Variations in atomic-scale friction and the observed displacement has been explained by the variations in interatomic forces in the normal and lateral directions. Local variation in microscale friction is found to correspond to the local slope suggesting that a ratchet mechanism is responsible for this variation. Directionality in the friction is observed on both micro- and macro scales which results from the surface preparation and anisotropy in surface roughness. Microscale friction is generally found to be smaller than the macrofriction as there is less ploughing contribution in microscale measurements. Microscale friction is load dependent and friction values increase with an increase in the normal load approaching to the macrofriction at contact stresses higher than the hardness of the softer material. Wear rate for single-crystal silicon is approximately constant for various loads and test durations. However, for magnetic disks with a multilayered thin-film structure, the wear of the diamond like carbon overcoat is catastrophic. Breakdown of thin films can be detected with AFM. Evolution of the wear has also been studied using AFM. Wear is found to be initiated at nono scratches. AFM has been modified to obtain load-displacement curves and for nanoindentation hardness measurements with depth of indentation as low as 1 mm. Scratching and indentation on nanoscales are the powerful ways to screen for adhesion and resistance to deformation of ultrathin fdms. Detection of material transfer on a nanoscale is possible with AFM. Boundary lubrication studies and measurement of lubricant-film thichness with a lateral resolution on a nanoscale have been conducted using AFM. Self-assembled monolyers and chemically-bonded lubricant films with a mobile fraction are superior in wear resistance. Finally, AFM has also shown to be useful for nanofabrication/nanomachining. Friction and wear on micro-and nanoscales have been found to be generally smaller compared to that at macroscales. Therefore, micro/nanotribological studies may help def'me the regimes for ultra-low friction and near zero wear.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

Tidal computations of $M_2,\;S_2,\; K_1$ and $O_1$ constituents in the northeast Asian sea are presented by blending the Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter data into a hydrodynamic model with $5'{\times}5'$ resolution. A series of sensitivity experiments on a weighting factor, which is the control parameter in the blending method, are carried out using $M_2$ constituent. The weighting factor is set to be in inverse proportion to the square root of water depth to reduce noises which could occur in data-assimilative model by blending T/P data. Model results obtained by blending the T/P-derived $M_2,\;S_2,\; K_1$ and $O_1$ constituents simultaneously are compared with all T/P-track tidal data; Average values of amplitude and phase errors are close to zero. Standard deviations of amplitude and phase errors are approximately 2 cm and less than 10 degrees respectively. The data-assimilative model results show a quite good agreement with T/P-derived tidal data, particularly in shallow water region (h<250m). In deep water regions, T/P-derived tidal data show unreasonable spatial variations in amplitude and phase. The data-assimilative model results differ from T/P-derived data, but are improved to show reasonable spatial variations in amplitude and phase. In addition, the T/P-blended model results are in good agreement with coastal tide gauge data which are not blended into the model.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 1998

The bioequivalence of two nilvadipine products was evaluated in 16 normal male volunteers (age 22-32 yr, body weight 57-80 kg) following sidle oral dose. Test product was Overca $l_{R}$ tablet (Choong-Wae Pharm. Corp., Korea) and reference product was Nivadi $l_{R}$ tablet (Hyundai Pharm. Corp., Korea). Both products contain 4 mg of nilvadipine. One tablet of the test or the reference product was administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period cross-over study (2$\times$2 Latin square method). The determination of nilvadipine was accomplished using a validated capillary column GC with electron-capture detection. As a result of the assay validation, the quantiflcation of nilvadipine in human plasma by this technique was possible down to 0.5 ng/ml using 1 ml of plasma. Absolute overall recovery from five replicate analyses of nilvadipine-spiked sample were 88.4$\pm$ 10.24% (mean$\pm$ 5.D.) for human plasma of 10 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation (C.V.) were less than 20% and the actual concentration of nilvadipine measured by GC ranged from 80 to 99% in all plasma. Average drug concentrations at each sampling time and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products (p>0.05); the area under the curve from time zero to 8 hr (AUCo-$_{8 hr}$) (22.8$\pm$5.90 vs 22.2$\pm$6.10 ng . hr/ml), maximum plasma concentration ( $C_{max}$) (10.0$\pm$2.85 vs 9.3$\pm$3.28 ng/ml) and time to reach maximum plasma concentration ( $T_{max}$) (1.2$\pm$0.31 vs 1.3 $\pm$0.47 hr). The differences of mean AU $Co_{8hr}$ $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the two products (2.25, 7.65, and 10.30%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-$\beta$) and treaeent difference (7) for AU $Co_{8hr}$, and $C_{max}$ were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for Tmax was under 0.8, Tm\ulcorner of the two products was not significantly different from each other (p>0. 05). These results suggest that the bioavailability of Overeat tablet is not significantly different from that of Nivadil tablet. Therefore, two products are bioequivalent based on the current results.sults.lts.lts.lts.