• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2016

국내 농가에서 재배되고 있는 산초 및 초피유전자원의 형태학적 특성과 유전적 다양성을 분석하여 분자생물학적 분류와 유전자원평가에 활용하고자 하였다. 산초 수집계통간의 유전적 다형성은 증폭된 총 88개 밴드 중 85개의 다형성 밴드가 검출되어 96.5%였으며, 초피나무 수집계통은 총 58개 밴드 중 다형성 밴드는 35개로 60.3%의 다형성을 나타내었다. 산초나무 수집 계통의 UBC 861 프라이머 500 bp 영역과 UBC 862 프라이머 300 bp 영역에서 종 특이적인 밴드가 검출되었다. 신품종 육종의 기초자료로 활용하고자 유전적 유사도 지수를 산출한 결과, 총 32계통간의 유전적 유사도 지수는 최저 0.116에서 최고 0.816 사이로 산초나무의 종내 유전적 유사도 지수는 0.177∼0.780, 초피나무의 종내 유전적 유사도 지수는 0.250∼0.816 사이로 낮게 나타나 교배육종 소재로 활용이 기대된다. 군집분석 결과, 유전적 유사도 지수 0.302에서 산초나무와 초피나무 수집 계통이 분리되어 산초나무 2개 그룹과 초피나무 1개 그룹으로 유집되었다. 반면 유집된 그룹과 형태학적 특성과 연관성은 없었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 ISSR 마커로 산초와 초피의 종간 구분 마커 개발이 기대되며, 유전적 유사도를 바탕으로 교배육종 소재 선발의 가능성이 평가되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.669-674
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• 2008

Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. belong to the Rutaceae family and are perennial, aromatic, and medicinal herbaceous plants. In this study, their aroma compounds were isolated by steam distillation extraction using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and then further analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yields of the essential oils from Z. schinifolium and Z. piperitum AP. DC. were 2.5 and 2.0%(w/w), respectively, and the color of their oils was quite similar, a pale yellow. From the distilled oil of Z. schinifolium, 60 volatile compounds which make up 87.24% of the total composition were tentatively identified, with monoterpenes predominating. $\beta$-Phellandrene (22.54%), citronellal (16.48%), and geranyl acetate (11.39%) were the predominantly abundant components of Z. schinifolium. In the essential oil of Z. piperitum AP. DC., 60 volatile flavor components constituted 94.78% of the total peak area were tentatively characterized. Limonene (18.04%), geranyl acetate (15.33%), and cryptone (8.52%) were the major volatile flavor compounds of Z. piperitum A.P. DC.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.61-61
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• 2023

Zanthoxylum piperitum has been used as a spice or various folk remedies since ancient times, and studies on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects have been reported. In this study, a raw material standardization study was conducted for the industrialization of Z. piperitum. First, optimal conditions for drying methods were established for the standardization of raw materials for Z. piperitum, and optimal conditions were established through content analysis using quercitrin, an marker compound, by obtaining samples every month. As for the drying method of Z. piperitum, it was confirmed that cold air drying was the best. It was analyzed that the marker compound content was highest in July. Next, for functional and toxicity evaluation of Z. piperitum, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing efficacy and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Cytotoxicity of Z. piperitum was not observed, and it was confirmed that although it had an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, it had no immuneenhancing effects. In addition, a study was conducted on the change in the efficacy of Z. piperitum using lava seawater, and as a result of the study, it was confirmed that the efficacy was superior when lava seawater was simultaneously treated. In conclusion, this study suggested the standardization of raw materials through the analysis of the marker compounds and the functional evaluation of Z. piperitum, and it can be used as basic data for future industrialization.

• 생약학회지
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• 제33권2호통권129호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2002

The Korean folk medicine 'Cho Pi Na Mu' has been used orally to tuberculosis, neuralgia, acute and chronic gastritis and arthritis. In order to clarify the botanical origin this crude drug, comparative anatomical studies were made on the branches of Zanthoxylum species growing wild in Korea, i.e. Z. coreanum, Z. piperitum, Z. piperitum var. pubescens, Z. planispinum, Z. schinifolium, Z. schinifolium var. inermis, Z. schinifolium var. microphyllum. As a result, it was clarified that 'Cho Pi Na Mu' was the branch of Z. piperitum.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

Objectives : This study aims to examine validity of the following guideline for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium in the Korean Pharmacopoeia regarding foreign materials: "the seeds of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium that are mixed should not exceed 20%." Methods : Varied compliance guidelines for and original plants of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium across countries were compared and contrasted. In order to do this, pharmacopoeias from a number of different countries including Korea were used as references. Results : The weights including seed parts were Z. piperitum 3.48g, Z. schinifolium 2.94g, and Z. bungeanum 2.16g; while the weights of peel parts were Z. piperitum 1.45g, Z. schinifolium 1.69g, and Z. bungeanum 0.98g. In terms of weight, Z. piperitum was the heaviest with its entire part including the seed, whereas Z. schinifolium was the heaviest with its peel part. The proportions of each seed in the whole part were Z. piperitum 58.33%, Z. schinifolium 42.52%, and Z. bungeanum 54.63%. Considering these figures, including seed parts in the guideline up to 20% is inappropriate; however, this guideline is inevitable in order to use seed parts for medicinal purpose. Conclusion : In this article, the author argues if any changes were to made on the guideline for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium with respect to foreign materials - "the seeds of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium that are mixed should not exceed 20%" - its seed part should firsthand be separated from its peel part and be designated as one kind of medicine. Then, revisions on the foreign materials compliance guidelines for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium should also be made.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2002

산초에서 시기에 따라 차이가 크게 나타나는 주요성분은 hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, $(E)-{\beta}-ocimene$, linalool, citronellal, estragole 이었으며, 특히 estragole은 모든 지역에서 공통적으로 나타났다. 초피에서 시기에 따라 차이를 보이는 성분은 hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, n-hexanol, ${\alpha}-pinene$, limonene, 1,8-cineole, citronellal, estragole, citronellol 이었으며, 이중 (Z)-3-hexenol ${\alpha}-pinene$, limonene, citronellal이 모든 지역에서 공통으로 나타났다. 수목원에서 월별 변화를 보이는 성분을 관찰한 결과. 산초는 ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, ${\alpha}-phellandrene$, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$, linalool, geranyl acetate 이였으며, 초피는 hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanol, ${\alpha}-pinene$, (Z)-ocimene, limonene, citronellal, geranyl acetate, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ 이였다. 그러나 지역별 채집한 개체에 나타났던 estragole이 수목원에 식재된 산초나무 잎에서 미량으로만 존재한 이유는 열매를 맺지 못할 정도의 어린나무였기 때문이라고 생각되어 estragole 성분은 열매를 맺는 시기에 증가되는 성분이라 사료되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2003

산초나무는 잎에서 총 52개, 열매에서 48개 향기 성분이 동정되었으며, 4개 지역에서 잎의 주요 공통 성분은 (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene$, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, estragole, germacrene-d 이였으며, 열매에서는 estragole이였다. Hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanol 성분은 잎에서만 검출되었고, undecanone 성분은 열매에서만 나타났다. 지역간 큰 차이를 보인 잎의 정유성분은 hexanal, azulene이었고, 열매에서는 (Z)-ocimene+limonene이였다. 초피나무 잎에서 총 30개, 열매에서 27개 향기 성분이 동정되었으며, 잎의 주요 공통 성분은 백양사와 내장사지역의 성분이 ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\beta}-phellandrene$, 1,8-cineole, citronellal이였고, 통도사 지역은 (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene이 주요성분 이였다. 백양사와 내장사에서 채취한 열매의 공통 성분은 myrcene, (Z)-ocimene+limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$이였고, 통도사에서는 ${\beta}-phellandrene$, citronellal, geranyl acetate이 주성분이였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.195-198
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the potential use of Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. as a source of antimicrobial agents against food borne pathogens. Essential oils of Z. schinifolium and Z. piperitum A.P. DC. were collected by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was examined using the agar diffusion and micro-dilution assays. The effectiveness of Z. schinifolium essential oil was greater against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus than other pathogens, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 1.25, 2.5, and 1.25, 2.5, and $1.25\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Z. piperitum A.P. DC. essential oil was the most effective against all pathogens tested except for Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the MIC values against B. cereus, Salmonella choleraesuis, and V. parahaemolyticus were 1.25, 2.5, and $1.25\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Limonene, the major component of Z. piperitum A.P. DC. essential oils, had the highest inhibitory activity toward V. parahaemolyticus with a MIC value of $0.15\;{\mu}g/mL$. Meanwhile, citronellal and geranyl acetate, major components of both essential oils, displayed antibacterial activity against only B. cereus with MIC values of 1.25 and $5\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Therefore, these essential oils could be useful as antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2008

We aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Zanthoxylum species against influenza virus A/WS/33, A/PR/8 and B/Lee/40 used by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and the action of leaves extracts of Zanthoxylum piperitum on life cycle of influenza virus A/WS/33. Among the twelve extracts, only the leaf extract of Z. piperitum exhibited strong antiviral activity at low concentration of less than 10${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with no citotoxicity (50${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) against all of three viruses. In addition, only oseltamivir showed antiviral activity with $IC_{50}$ of 65.3${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against influenza A/WS/33 among the viruses. Furthermore, the leaf extract of Z. piperitum suppressed infection of influenza virus A/WS/33, when added just prior (-1 hr) or after virus inoculation (0 hr). Leaf extract of Z. piperitum directly affect the infectivity of influenza virus A/WS/33 particles. Therefore, Leaf extract of Z. piperitum exhibited higher antiviral activity against three influenza viruses than that of the oseltamivir, which directly interacts with influenza A/WS/33 particles, affecting the initial stages of infection such as receptor binding and virus entry.