• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Multi-sensory systems, including the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular ones, are involved in maintaining standing balance. The organization of these sensory systems is as important as the efficiency of each individual system in maintaining optimal balance. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the developmental changes in static standing balance and sensory organization under altered sensory conditions. This study involved 64 children (from 4 to 15 years of age) and 17 young adults. The children were divided into four age groups: 4~6, 7~9, 10~12, and 13~15 years. Static standing balance was assessed with the one-leg standing test under four different sensory conditions: the children stood on a firm surface with (1) eyes open or (2) closed, and they stood on a foam surface with eyes (3) open or (4) closed. In balancing ability, the age groups exhibited significant differences. The function of sensory organization for balance control was poorer for the children than for the young adults. The functional efficiency of the somatosensory system of the children aged 7~9 years was at the young adults' level, and the visual function of the children aged 10~12 years had also reached the young adults' level. However, the functional efficiency of the vestibular system of children was significantly lower than that of the young adults, even at the age of 15 years. This may indicate that sensory organization and standing balance are still developing after the age of 15 years.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the relationship of perception of parenting attitude, behavior problems and resilience of school age children. Methods: Participants were 131 children enrolled in the 4th to 6th grades. Data were collected from November 29 to December 6, 2010 using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire included the Parental Bonding Instrument, Korean version of Youth Self-Report, and Resilience. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results: There were significant differences in resilience according to gender, relationship with peers, academic achievement and school satisfaction. Resilience showed a positive correlation with parental bonding attitude and negative correlation with problem behavior in the children. Conclusion: This result suggests that interventions focusing on parenting attitude to enhance resilience should be developed to help school age children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.801-804
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the needle aspiration alternative to open surgical drainage of children with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis requiring surgical drainage. Methods: From January 1998 to June 2008, we retrospectively reviewed 38 children treated with needle aspiration as management with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis instead of open surgical drainage. Results: All 38 children underwent only 1 puncture. Two patients (5.2%) out of 38 patients experienced reformation of an abscess and all recovered completely after re-treatment with antibiotics. Minor complications were detected in 2 patients (5.2%). One complication originated from remnant necrotic tissue and the other involved formation of a small scar in two patients, which resolved spontaneously. There were no major complications. Conclusion: Needle aspiration can be a simple, safe, and effective alternative procedure to open surgical drainage of children with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis requiring surgical drainage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

This study investigated the food habits of the elementary school children according to obesity index. The subjects included 1,307 elementary school children classified into four groups according to their individual obesity indices: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The distribution of subjects by BMI was 51.5% underweight, 32.9% normal weight, 7.3% overweight, and 8.3% obese. Of these children, 62.6% ate breakfast everyday, and common weight control methods were exercise and diet. Lack of appetite was the most common reason for skipping breakfast(75.3%). Most students(74.7%) had Korean traditional cooked rice and side dishes for breakfast, and 69.6% of students responded that their meal speed was $10{\sim}30$ minutes. In conclusion, the food habits influencing obesity were eating speed, snack intake after dinner, and the number of snacks, while the size of meals did not influence obesity.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to explore children's gender differences in their clothing orientation and clothing Purchase behaviors. For this study, data were collected from 166 fifth and sixth graders attending three elementary schools in Seoul. Questionnaire survey data were analyzed through factor analysis, cross-tabulation, and test. In result, gender differences were found in children's clothing orientation, clothing purchase behaviors, and post-purchase behaviors. Girls were more interested in clothing than were boys, and thus girls used a variety of information sources for clothing shopping, taking an active role during the purchase process, compared to boys. Different characteristics of two gender groups of older children in school age were described. Marketing implications based on findings were provided for practitioners.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.286-293
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of anxiety for the mothers of leukemic children and to provide the fundamental data for the better performance of caring to them. The subjects were 292 mothers : 100 mothers whose children had a leukemia, 80 mothers whose children had taken a tonsillectomy, 112 mothers whose children with medical disease except cancer. The data were collected through The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spilberger and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA Scheffe test. The results were as follows ; 1. The state anxiety mean score of mothers with leukemic children was 54.16. 2. The state anxiety of mothers with leukemic children was higher than that of the rest (F=8.00, P=0.0004). 3. There was no significant difference in anxiety of mothers with leukemic children in relation to leukemic children's and their mother's general characteristics.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was conducted to develop and validate Eating Behaviors Test form (EBT) for infants and young children, including eating behaviors of their parents and parental feeding practices. Methods: Draft version of EBT form was developed after a pretest on 83 mothers. It was consisted of 42 questions including 3 components; eating behavior of children, eating behavior of parents, and parental feeding practices. Using these questionnaires, the first survey was conducted on 320 infants and children, 1 to 6 year old, for exploratory factor analysis, and the second survey was collected on 731 infants and children for confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Exploratory factor analysis on 42 questions of EBT form resulted in 3 factor model for children's eating behavior, 3 factor model for parents' eating behavior, and 1 factor model for parental feeding practices. Three factors for children's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1, pickiness (reliability ${\alpha}=0.89$; explanation of variance=27.79), factor 2, over activity (${\alpha}=0.80$, explanation of variance=16.51), and factor 3, irregularity (${\alpha}=0.59$, explanation of variance=10.01). Three factors for mother's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1,irregularities (${\alpha}=0.73$, explanation of variance=21.73), factor 2, pickiness (${\alpha}=0.65$, explanation of variance= 20.16), and factor 3, permissiveness (${\alpha}=0.60$, explanation of variance=19.13). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an acceptance fit for these models. Internal consistencies for these factors were above 0.6. Conclusions: Our results indicated that EBT form is a valid tool to measure comprehensive eating and feeding behaviors for infants and young children.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2012

This study was performed to understand the depression of children with hearing impairment with relation to their mothers' nurturing attitude and sign language level. The subjects were 131 hearing impaired children aged from 9 to 16 years and their mothers, who had no hearing impairments. The children's depression was assessed by CDI(Kovacs 1983) adapted by Cho and Lee(1990), and the maternal attitude was measured through the instrument developed by Oh and Lee(1982) and revised by Lim(1987). The results were as follows. First, the girls' depression was higher than the boys', and children in a dormitory type of school showed higher depression than those in a general type of school. Second, children's depression did not show differences according to mother-child communication methods but differed according to mothers' sign language level. Children whose mothers had high level of sign language showed the highest depression and those whose mothers had beginning level of sign language showed the lowest depression. And mothers' affective, goal- achieving and rational attitude were negatively related with children's depression. Third, the depression of hearing impairment children was influenced mainly by the maternal affective attitude, and the next order was the type of school the children attend.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.70-79
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• 1982

Using dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical methods of evaluation, a nutritional survey was made of 81 seven-and eight-year-old children from two schools with different socioeconomic backgrounds in Daejon city, during the October of 1980. All the children were tall and heavy in comparison with 1976 Korean standard. School A children with relatively high socioeconomic levels showed higher value in length and lower value in weight than school B children with relatively low socioeconomic levels. Mean hemoglobin values were 13.3 (school A) and 12.8 (school B) g/100 ml and hematocrits were 39.7 and 37.9%, respectively. Anemic children were not many in both schools ( A ; 0-25%, B ; 12.5-15.0% ). Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios were 9.2 (A) and 7.8 (B). The intake of animal foods was higher in school A owing to the higher intake of milks. The intakes of all nutrients except energy and calcium were comparable to or higher than Korean recommend dietary allowances (KRDA). Riboflavin intake wae deficient in school B only. Low socioeconomic school B children had significantly lower intakes of fats, calcium, and riboflavin than school A children. Energy intakes were low as 75.9 (A) and 83.2 (B) % of KRDA but their composition of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins were satisfactory in both schools. More than one-third of protein intake was animalorigin in both schools (A ; 1.40/3, B ; 1.10/3) and calcium intake was very low as 59.0%(A) and 45.8%(B). Education levels of parents, esp. mothers, were positively correlated with Kaup indice (in school A & B) and some nutrients intakes (in school A). In school B, number of siblings and birth order showed negative correlations with some nutrient intakes.

• 아동학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.97-113
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• 1982

Problems This study was aimed to find out the effects of Kindergarten education on primary school child's learning achievement and it's continuance. The specific question to be investigated in this study can he summarized as follows. 1. How did the kindergarten education effect upon primary school child's learning achievement and behavioral development? 2. How did the differences of learning achievement and behavioral development between groups of children attending kindergarten and not attending kindergarten? Methods 1. Subjects One hundred and twenty children of sixth grade and one hundred primary school's teachers were employed 1) Sixty of children were experimented groups who had received kindergarten education. Sixty of Children are Control group who had not received Kindergarten education. The subjects were sampled in N primary school in seoul and Y primary school in Taejeon. Sixty of children were boys and sixty of children were girls. 2) Fifty of teachers were sampled in N primary school in Seoul and Fifty of teachers were sampled in Y primary school in Taejeon. 2. Instrument 1) School cumulative record. School cumulative record was referred to find out the differences of school records on learning achievement in morality, National language, social studies, arithmatics, natural science, gymnastics, music, fine arts and behavioral development in industry, responsibility, coorperation, indeperdence, law abiding spirit between experimental group and control group. 2) Questionnaire paper which constructed 10 articles. Questionnaire paper asked to primary school teachers for effects of kindergarten education. Results The results of date analysis can summarized as follows. 1. Kindergarten education, generally, is regarded effective at least for school work achievement but not so effective for morality and physical education. 2. Kindergarten education is not so effective in all school works of primary school in its continuance since its effectiveness begins to fade away from the 4th grade of primary school. But such continuance tends to be outstanding especially in national language, social subjects and arts. 3. The experiences of kindergarten education is not much helpful to behavioral development during primary school. 4. Primary school teachers recognize that kindergarten education contributes to curriculum work and behavioral development for primary school children.