• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2022

This study aims to investigate and reveal the spatial structure of Boryeonghyeon by examining the geographical status of its Eupchi (Local administrative center:邑治) through an analysis of the location, tracing locations of governemnt offices including Dongheon(東軒) and Kaeksa(客舍) in the walled town, and checking the lot numbers of Sajikdan(社稷壇), Yeodan(厲壇), and Cheongyeonyeok(靑淵驛) outside it. Buildings of Boryeonghyeon in the walled town in the Joseon Dynasty were almost lost and now, part of the city wall and Haesanru(海山樓) just remains as relic. The walled town consisted of several buildings of government offices as well as Dongheon and Kaeksa which are government organs. Altar and shrine(壇廟) facilities including Shrine of Confucius(文廟), Altar of Land and Grain, and Preceptor's Shrine were placed outside the walled town and Cheongyeonyeok were operated as the facilities for transmission of royal orders. Therefore, the government office facilities in the walled town, altar and shrine facilities outside the fortress, and the location of the post station were required to trace and check each of them. For the checking method, the lot numbers could be checked by checking the original cadastral maps and the then land categories and owners, analyzing the records and circumstances of the relevant township annals(邑誌), and examining analyses on the locations by using a numerical map of one to 5 thousands. The study estimated the locations of government facilities including Dongheon and Kaesa placed in the walled town and was grasped to be the east and west gates with the south gate which remains now in the fortress. And the lot numbers of Sajikdan, Yeodan, Cheongyeonyeok.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.7-18
• /
• 2017

Altar architecture is a kind of sacrificial building, mainly formed in altar. Central architecture of Altar architecture is relatively simple. However, various attached building are necessary for worship. Among them, Sinsil which is a place to seal a God's tablet, is very important. The central government of the Joseon Dynasty attempted to define the local sacrificial system and make it customary as a way to strengthen the centralization based on Confucianism. Nonetheless, the altar architecture of the province without detailed regulations, were managed and underwent repairs according to the political situation of the state and local circumstances. Sinsil, which is an important component of the altar architecture, best reflects this situation. Therefore, it was possible to grasp the situation of the altar architecture of the province in the Joseon Dynasty by analyzing the Sinsil through various documents. As a result of analysis, it was divided into six types. In addition, It is also found that there are temporal relation between these six types.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.12 no.1 s.33
• /
• pp.43-58
• /
• 2003

This study is to analyze spatial structure of Eupchi(邑治) on Chungchong province with Chungchong-do regional maps(忠淸道地方地圖) and Eupjis(邑誌, topography) being compiled in the late Chosun dynasty. According to the analysis of it in this study, we make conclusions as follows; 1. Gunhyeon(郡縣) which had been Eupseong(邑城) on Chungchong-do in Chosun dynasty was 13 provinces, and the construction of Eupseong was the coast Eupseong built for the purpose of defense and military Eupseong built at Byeongyeong(兵營) and Geojin(巨鎭). And a measure used In the construction of a castle was Pobaekcheok(布帛尺) used to survey a frontier defence in Chosun dynasty, also Jucheok(周尺) or Yeongjocheok(營造尺) could be assumed to be wide use at that time. 2. Eupchi of Chungchong-do Gunhyeon was almost disposed to the south direction, also had been Jinsan(鎭山) safeguarding it. With relation to Jwahyang(坐向) and Jinsan, its Jinsan and Myeongdang-cheon(明堂川) match each other in location of Eupchi, as it get Jinsan sat, and take main river in front of it. And provincial government office to be the center of a Eupchi is organized into Gaeksa(客舍), Dongheon(東軒), Naea(內衙), Hyangcheong(鄕廳), and practical business facilities, Jakcheong(作廳) or Jangcheong etc., the others is composed for the use of support of those. 3. In most Eupchi in Chungchong province, the layout Sajikdan(社稷壇) and Yeodan(礪壇) was gone with a principle as they were disposed in the west and the north with Eupchi. Seonghwangdan(城隍壇) and Munmyo(文廟) was built in defiance of a principle, as a condition of province. Jangsi(場市) of Eupchi was opened in front of government office or Gaeksa, and the Gunhyeon which had Eupseong was established in the inside and outside of Eupseong.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.80-99
• /
• 2018

In premodern society, the central spaces in local counties were known as Eupchi (邑治), in which Gwan-a (官衙). The Eupchi located in seaside counties were in Eupseong, whereas the Eupchi of inland counties only included a Gwan-a, and did not have a fortress. Yanggeun-gun (楊根郡) and Jipyeonghyeon (砥平縣), which currently form Yangpyeong-gun (楊平郡), were counties where only Gwan-a existed. At present, there are few traces of the Gwan-a in Yanggeun and Jipyeong. In addition, it is impossible to exactly verify the history, scale and location of these two Gwan-as. Therefore, this study attempts to make a rough estimation of the histories, scales and sites of these Gwan-a by analyzing the relevant literature and ancient maps that are scattered according to the principles of spatial organization of local Gwan-a. The Yanggeun and Jipyeong Gwan-a appear to have been built in the early Joseon period. There are three reasons for this assertion: First, in Yanggeun and Jipyeong, Suryeong (守令) were first officially appointed after the early Joseon period. Once Suryoeng were appointed to such counties, the Gwan-a in which they would serve could be established. Second, the Dongheon (東軒) in Yanggengun and the Gaeksa (客舍) in Jipyeonghyeon were rebuilt in 1703 (29th year of the reign of King Sukjong) and 1465 (11th year of the reign of King Sejo), respectively; thus; the Gwan-a must have existed since the early Joseon period.. Third, in Yanggeungun, the Hyanggyo (鄕校) had existed since the early Joseon period, as the Joseon government necessarily established the Hyanggyo in areas where Suryeong were established. The facilities of local Gwan-a in the Joseon period were largely divided into gonghae (公?), educational institutes, and alters. The gonghae was a facility in which the Suryeong and Gwanwon (官員) managed administrative, judicial and military affairs, and consisted of the A-sa (衙舍), Hyeongcheong (鄕廳), Jackcheong (作廳), Gaeksa (客舍), Gungwancheon (軍官廳), and so on. The education institute was called a Hyeonggyo, while alters included the Sajikdan (社稷壇), Seonghwansa (城隍祠) and Yeodan (?壇). Both the Yeongeun and Jipyeong Gwan-a also consisted of such facilities as A-sa, Hyangcheong, Jakcheong, Gaeksa, Gungwancheong, Hyeonggyo, Changgo, Sajikdan, Seonghwangsa, Yeodan, Saryeongcheong, Jiincheong and Gwannocheong. The present sites for both Gwan-as cannot be identified with any certitude. However, they can be roughly identified by connecting the related literatures, oral statements and relics with the principles of spatial organization of local Gwan-a in the Joseon period. ${\bullet}$ Address of the Yanggeun A-sa (Dongheon): the whole of # 15, Gwanmun 1-gil, Yangpyeong-eup (Yanggeun-ri 151) in front of Yanggeun Junior High School at present. ${\bullet}$ Address of Yanggeun Gaeksa: around the Yangpyeong police station at present. ${\bullet}$ Address of Jipyeong A-sa(Dongheon): the whole of Jipyeong-ri 248-250, Jipyeong-myeon at present. ${\bullet}$ Address of Jipyeong Gaeksa: the whole of Jipyeong-ri 238, Jipyeong-myeon at present.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2022

This study focused on examining the location characteristics of Mujang-Eupchi(茂長邑治), a traditional city of Joseon Dynasty, and shedding light on its prototype landscape. The findings were summarized as follows: Mujang-Eupchi showed a Confucian space system with Munmyo(文廟) within Hyanggyo(鄕校) in the east, Sajikdan(社稷壇) in the west, Seonghwangsa(城隍祠) in the fortress and Yeodan(厲壇) and Seonghwangdan(城隍壇) in Jinsan(鎭山) in the north around the Mujang-Eupseong(茂長邑城), an old fortress, built in the 17th year of King Taejong(1417). It seemed that Seonghwangdan located in Jinsan maintained a coexistence system with Seonghwangsa(城隍祠) within the Eupseong. A Pungsu(風水) stream in a V-shape ran before the southern gate of Eupseong, forming a Sugu(水口) in front of Namsan(南山) that was an Ansan(案山). They dug a southern pond called Hongmunje(紅門堤) to protect the vitality of the village and built Gwanpungjeong(觀豊亭). In the 19th century, Hongmunje and Gwanpungjeong were renamed into Muheungje(茂興堤) and Muheungdang(茂興堂), respectively. Eupsu(邑藪) were planted in front of the southern pond including Wondo(圓島), and Songdeokbi(頌德碑), Dangsanmok(堂山木), and Dangsanseok(堂山石) served as a Sugumagi(水口막이) and protected the entrance of Eupchi. After the Liberation, the southern pond was buried in 1955, and a market was formed at the site, which resulted in the disappearance of its prototype. The study also investigated the name and location of Chilgeori(七거리) in the village as it was lost following the unification of Bu(府), Gun(郡), and Myeon(面) titles in 1914 during the Japanese colonial period. Chilgeori Dangsan was based on Yin and Yang theory and became the subject of the organization mainly composed of Grandfather Dangsan menhir and Grandmother Dangsan tree. Chilgeori Dangsan was a religious place of the community to guard the village, serving as seven gateways to control access at the village boundary and it had a locational feature of protecting the inner mountain ranges of Eupchi.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.86-103
• /
• 2016

'Sukchunjeahdo' illustration-book, which was left by Han, Pil-gyo(韓弼敎 : 1807~1878)in the late Joseon Dynasty, includes pictorial record paintings containing government offices, Eupchi, and Feng Shui condition drawn by Gyehwa(界畵) method Sabangjeondomyobeop(四方顚倒描法) and is the rare historical material that help to understand spatial structure and landscape characteristics. Youngyuhyun(永柔縣) and Sincheongun(信川郡) town, the case sites of this study, show Feng Shui foundation structure and placement rules of government offices in the Joseon Period are applied such as 3Dan 1Myo(三壇一廟 : Sajikdan, Yeodan, Seonghwangdan, Hyanggyo), 3Mun 3Jo(三門三朝 : Oeah, Dongheon, Naeah) and Jeonjohuchim(前朝後寢) etc. by setting the upper and lower hierarchy of the north south central axis. The circulation system is the pattern that roads are segmented around the marketplace of the entrance of the town and the structure is that heading to the north along the internal way leads to the government office and going out to the main street leads to the major city. Baesanimsu(背山臨水 : Mountain in backward and water in front) foundation, back hill pine forest, intentionally created low mountains and town forest etc. showed landscape aesthetics well suited for the environmental comfort condition such as microclimate control, natural disaster prevention, psychological stability reflecting color constancy principle etc. and tower pavilions were built throughout the scenic spot, reflecting life philosophy and thoughts of contemporaries such as physical and mental discipline, satisfied at the reality of poverty, returning to nature etc. For government office landscape, shielding and buffer planting, landscape planting etc. were considered around Gaeksa(客舍), Dongheon(東軒), Naeah(內衙) backyard and deciduous tree s and flowering trees were cultivated as main species and in case of Gaeksa, tiled pavilions and pavilions topped with poke weed in tetragonal pond were introduced to Dongheon and Naeah and separate pavilions were built for the purpose of physical and mental discipline and military training such as archery. Back hill pine tree forest formed back landscape and zelkova, pear trees, willow trees, old pine trees, lotus, flowering trees etc. were cultivated as gardening trees and Feng-Shui forest with willow trees as its main species was created for landscape and practical purposes. On the other hand, various cultural landscape elements etc. were introduced such as pavilions, pond serving as fire protection water(square and circle), stone pagoda and stone Buddha, fountains and wells, monument houses, flagpoles etc. In case of Sincheongun town forest(邑藪), Manhagwan(挽河觀), Moonmujeong(文武井), Sangjangdae(上場岱) and Hajangdae(下場岱) Market place, Josanshup<(造山藪 : Dongseojanglim(東西長林)>, Namcheon(南川) etc. were combined and community cultural park with the nature of modern urban park was operated. In this context, government office landscape shows the garden management aspect where square pond and pavilions, flowering trees are harmonized around side pavilion and backyard. Also, environmental design technique not biased to aesthetics and ideological moral philosophy and comprehensively considering functionality (shielding and fire prevention, microclimate control, etc.) and environmental soundness etc. is working.