• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-87
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• 1998

Even though appropriate immune response is necessary for the survival of the individual, excessive or insufficient immune Response might cause autoimmune or allergic disease. So the immune response must be controlled to the degree that is beneficial for the well being of the individual. This study was undertaken to know the effects of Gunleetang Gagambang on the immune system of the mouse. Gunleetang Gagambang has been used for cure of tumor as a traditional medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for its clinical use. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Gunleetang Gagambang extract against tumor, and to carry out some mechanisms responsible for its effect. Some kinds of tumor were induced by the typical application of 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA) or by the implantation(s.c) of malignant tumor cells such as leukemia cells(3LL cells) or sarcoma cells(S180 cells). Treatment of the Gunleetang Gagambang on water-extract(dailly 1mg/mouse, i. p.) was continued for 7 days prior to tumor induction and after that the treatment was lasted for 20 days. Against squamous cell carcinoma induced by MCA, Gunleetang Gagambang decreased not only the frequency of tumor production but also the number and the weight of tumors per tumor bearing mice(TBM). Gunleetang Gagambang on also significantly suppressed the development of 3LL cell and S180 cell-implanted tumors in occurrence-frequency and their size. and some developed tumors were regressed by the continuous treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract into TBM. In vitro, treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract had no effect on the growth of some kinds of cell line such as FsaII, A431 strain but significantly inhibited the proliferation of 3LL, S180 cells and augmented the DNA synthesis of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Gunleetang Gagambang also stimulated the migrative ability of leukocyte, the MIF and IL-2 production of T lymphocytes, but not IL 6 production of B cells. Gunleetang Gagambang administration to mice enhanced NK cells activities. These results demonstrated that Gunleetang Gagambang extract exhibited a significant prophylactic benefits against tumors and its antitumor activity was manifested depending on the type of tumor cells. And these results also suggested that effect of Gunleetang Gagambang might be chiefly due to nonspecitie enhancement of NK cell activities and cell-mediated immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.218-228
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• 2003

목 적：본 연구에서는 정신과를 방문한 아동들의 정서 및 행동 문제와 어머니의 우울증, 양육 스트레스간의 관계를 알아보고, 특히, 이러한 변인들이 어머니의 양육 스트레스에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보았다. 방 법：DSM-IV 진단 준거에 근거한 정신과 전문의의 소견과 심리학적 평가에 의해 외현화 행동 장애, 내면화 행동 장애, 혼재형 행동 장애로 각각 진단된 73명의 아동과 그 어머니들을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 아동의 어머니는 다면적 인성검사(MMPI)와 한국아동인성검사(KPI-C) 및 양육스트레스 척도(PSI)를 작성하였고, 변량분석, 상관분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결 과：외현화 행동 장애와 내면화 행동 장애, 혼재형 행동 장애를 가진 아동의 각 집단별 어머니들의 우울감은 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 양육 스트레스를 종속변인으로한 2요인 변량분석 결과, 외현화 행동장애와 혼재형 행동장애에서 아동 영역 양육 스트레스 하위 요인 중 주의산만/과잉행동 요인이 내현화 행동장애 아동보다 더 심각한 스트레스로 작용하였고, 어머니의 우울 여부의 주효과는 전반적 양육 스트레스 총점, 부모 영역 양육 스트레스 총점, 부모 영역 양육 스트레스의 하위 요인 중 우울, 부모의 건강, 배우자와의 관계의 요인에서 각각 유의미하였다. 아동의 증상 심각도가 양육 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과, 아동 영역 양육 스트레스에 대해서는 아동의 과잉행동과 불안이, 부모 영역 양육 스트레스에 대해서는 어머니의 우울 수준이 각각 유의미한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론：본 결과는 우울한 어머니들의 경우, 아동의 증상 심각도 보다는 어머니의 우울 수준이 전반적인 양육 스트레스에 더 많은 영향을 미치므로, 우울한 어머니들에서는, 아동의 증상에 대한 치료와는 별도로 어머니의 심리적 적응에 개별적인 치료적 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.588-596
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• 2006

폴리스티렌 막(polystyrene membrane, PS)의 표면을 Ar, $O_2$ 플라즈마로 처리하고, 처리 전후의 변화를 관찰하였고, $CO_2$, $N_2$의 투과도와 $N_2$에 대한 $CO_2$의 선택도는 연속흐름 기체 투과 분석장치(GPA)를 이용하여 측정하였다. Ar플라즈마 처리의 경우 O/C비율이 0에서 0.179로 증가하고, 표면 거칠기가 $15.86{\AA}$에서 $71.64{\AA}$로 증가함으로써 접촉각은 처리전의 $89.16^{\circ}$에서 $18.1^{\circ}$로 감소하였다. 따라서 플라즈마 처리는 막표면을 높은 친수성을 갖도록 만들었다. $CO_2$의 투과도와 선택도에 대한 Ar플라즈마 처리최적조건은 60 W, 2 min, $70^{\circ}C$이며, 투과도와 선택도는 각각 $2.1{\times}10^{-12}[m^3(STP){\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}sec{\cdot}atm]$와 4.51이었다. $O_2$플라즈마 처리의 경우에, 접촉각은 O/C비율(0.189)과 표면 거칠기($57.10{\AA}$)의 증가에 의해 $13.56^{\circ}$로 감소하였다. 최적의 처리조건은 90 W-2 min-$70^{\circ}C$이며, 값 $7.1{\times}10^{-12}[m^3(STP){\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}sec{\cdot}atm]$와 값 11.5이었다. 플라즈마 처리 후 막 표면의 변화는 표면에서의 교차결합과 식각효과의 경쟁적인 관계에 의해 결정된다. 결국 플라즈마 처리된 막의 투과도와 선택도가 플라즈마 기체, 처리시간, 출력세기등과 같은 플라즈마 상태를 제어함으로써 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.211-243
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the cause, symptom, treatment, medicine of Wei symptom through the literature of oriental and western medicine. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Wei symptom is the symptom that reveals muscle relaxation without contraction and muscle relaxation occures in the lower limb or upper limb, in severe case, leads to death. 2. Since the pathology and etiology of Wei symptom was first described as "pe-yeol-yeop-cho"(肺熱葉焦) in Hung Ti Nei Ching(黃帝內經), for generations most doctors had have accepted it. but after Dan Ge(丹溪), it had been classified into seven causes, damp-heat(濕熱), phlegm-damp(濕痰), deficiency of qi(氣虛), deficiency of blood(血虛), deficiency of yin(陰處), stagnant blood(死血), stagnant food(食積). Chang Gyeng Ag(張景岳) added the cause of deficiency of source qi(元氣). 3. The concept of "To treat Yangming, most of all"(獨治陽明) was emphasized in the treatment of Wei symptom and contains nourishment of middle warmer energy(補益中氣), clearance of yangming-damp-heat(淸化陽明濕熱). 4. Since Nei-ching era(內經時代), Wei and Bi symptom(痺症) is differenciated according to the existence of pain. After Ming era(明代) appeared theory of co-existence of Wei symptom and pain or numbness but they were accepted as a sign of Wei symptom caused by the pathological factor phelgm(痰), damp(濕), stagnancy(瘀). 5. In the western medical point of view, Wei symptom is like paraplegia, or tetraplegia. and according to the causative disease, it is accompanied by dysesthesia, paresthsia, pain. thus it is more recommended to use hwal-hyel-hwa-ae(活血化瘀) method considering damp-heat(濕熱), qi deficiency of spleen and stornach(脾胃氣虛) as pathological basis than to simply differenciate Wei and Bi symptom according to the existence of pain. 6. The cause of Gullian-Barre syndrome(GBS) is consist of two factors, internal and external. Internal factors include asthenia of spleen and stomach, and of liver and kidney. External factors include summur-damp(暑濕), damp-heat(濕熱), cold-damp(寒濕) and on the basis of "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治), the cause of GBS is classified into injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), infiltration of damp-heat(濕熱浸淫), asthenia of spleen and kidney(脾腎兩虛), asthenia of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), asthenia of liver and kidney (肝腎兩虛). 7. The cause of GBS is divided by according to the disease developing stage: Early stage include dryness-heat(燥熱), damp(濕邪), phlegm(痰濁), stagnant blood(瘀血), and major treatment is reducing of excess(瀉實). Late stage include deficiency of essence(精虛), deficiency with excess(虛中挾實), and essencial deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎精不足) is major point of treatment. 8. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the stage. In case of summur-damp(暑濕), chung-seu-iki-tang(淸暑益氣湯) is used which helps cooling and drainage of summer-damp(淸利暑濕), reinforcement of qi and passage of collateral channels(補氣通絡). In case of damp-heat, used kun-bo-hwan(健步丸), In case of cool-damp(寒濕), used 'Mahwang-buja-sesin-tang with sam-chul-tang'(麻黃附子細辛湯合蓼朮湯). In case of asthenia of spleen and kidney, used 'Sam-lyeng-baik-chul san'(蔘笭白朮散), In case of asthenia of liver and kidney, used 'Hojam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 9. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治). In the case of injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), 'Chung-jo-gu-pae-tang'(淸燥救肺湯) is used. In case of 'infiltration of damp-heat'(濕熱浸淫), us-ed 'Yi-myo-hwan'(二妙丸), In case of 'infiltration of cool-damp'(寒濕浸淫), us-ed 'Yui-lyung-tang', In case of asthenia of spleen, used 'Sam-lyung-bak-chul-san'. In case of yin-deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎陰虛), used 'Ji-bak-ji-hwang-hwan'(知柏地黃丸), or 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 10. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy is occuered by compression or ischemia of spinal cord. 11. The cause of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy consist of 'flow disturbance of the channel points of tai-yang'(太陽經兪不利), 'stagnancy of cool-damp'(寒濕凝聚), 'congestion of phlegm-damp stagnant substances'(痰濕膠阻), 'impairment of liver and kidney'(肝腎虛損). 12. In treatment of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy, are used 'Ge-ji-ga-gal-geun-tang-gagam'(桂枝加葛根湯加減), 'So-hwal-lack-dan-hap-do-hong-eum-gagam(小活絡丹合桃紅飮加減), 'Sin-tong-chuck-ue-tang-gagam(身痛逐瘀湯加減), 'Do-dam-tang-hap-sa-mul-tang-gagam'(導痰湯合四物湯加減), 'Ik-sin-yang-hyel-guen-bo-tang'(益腎養血健步湯加減), 'Nok-gakyo-hwan-gagam'(鹿角膠丸加減). 13. The cause of muscle dystropy is related with 'the impairement of vital qi'(元氣損傷), and 'impairement of five Zang organ'(五臟敗傷). Symptoms and signs are classified into asthenia of spleen and stomach, deficiency with excess, 'deficiency of liver and kidney'(肝腎不足) infiltration of damp-heat, 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 14. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang'(補中益氣湯), 'Gum-gang-hwan'(金剛丸), 'Yi-gong-san-hap-sam-myo-hwan'(異功散合三妙丸), 'Ja-hyel-yang-gun-tang'(滋血養筋湯), 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸) are used for muscle dystropy. 15. The causes of myasthenia gravis are classified into 'insufficiency of middle warmer energy'(中氣不足), 'deficiency of qi and yin of spleen and kidney'(脾腎兩處), 'asthenia of qi of spleen'(脾氣虛弱), 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 16. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang-gagam'(補中益氣湯加減), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-gi-guk-yang-hyel-tang'(四君子湯合杞菊地黃湯), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-u-gyi-eum-gagam'(四君子湯合右歸飮加減), 'Pal-jin-tang'(八珍湯), 'U-gyi-eum'(右歸飮) are used for myasthenia gravis.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1996

논자(論者)는 소음인(少陰人)과 소양인(少陽人)의 병증(病證)을 고찰하여 각각의 표병(表病)과 이병(裏病)의 개요(槪要)를 살펴보고, 표양음양승강(表養陰陽升降)을 중심으로 각 병증을 장부론의 전사해(前四海), 후사해(後四海), 장(臟), 부(腑) 등과 연결하여 부위별로 설정하였다. 그리고 병리적(病理的) 전변과정(轉變過程)이 상대(相對)가 되는 병증을 상호비교하여 병증의 경중(經重)을 나누고 그것을 도해(圖解)하여 병중의 이해를 돕고자 한다. 그리하여 다음과 같이 결론(結論)을 요약할 수 있다. 1. 폐(肺) 비(脾) 간(肝) 신(腎)은 두뇌(頭腦) 배여, 요척(腰脊) 방광(膀胱)과 같이 표기(表氣)를 형성하고, 위원(胃院) 장위(腸胃) 소장(小腸) 대장(大腸)은 암 억(臆) 복(腹)과 같이 표기(表氣)를 형성한다. 2. 표병(表病)은 소음인(少陰人)에게 있어서 양기(陽氣)의 진퇴강약(進退强弱)에 따른 양기(陽氣)의 승강(升降)으로 표기(表氣) 이기(裏氣)를 포괄해서 나타나고, 소양인(少陽人)에게 있어서 표기(表氣)의 음기하강(陰氣下降)으로 표기(表氣) 이기(裏氣)를 포괄해서 나타난다. 이병(裏病)은 소음인(少陰人)에게 있어서 냉기(冷氣)의 취산경중(聚散輕重)에 따른 음기(陰氣)의 하강(下降)으로 이기(裏氣)에 나타나고 소양인(少陽人)에게 있어서 대장(大腸)의 청양상승(淸陽上升)으로 이기(裏氣)에 나타난다. 3. 표병(表病)에서 살펴 보면, ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 신양곤열(腎陽困熱), 하초혈증(下焦血證)과 소양인(少陽人)의 소양상풍(少陽傷風)은 표기(表氣)(후사해(後四海))의 병으로 방광(膀胱)에서 승양작용불이(升陽作用不利)와 배여에서 음기하강불리(陰氣下降不利)의 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 위가실(胃家室)과 소양인(少陽人)의 결흉병(結胸病) 반표기이기병(半表氣裏氣病)(전사해(前四海))로 소복(小腹)에 승양작용불리(升陽作用不利)와 억(臆)에서 음기하강불리(陰氣下降不利)의 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 망양병(亡陽病)과 소양인(少陽人)의 망음병(亡陰病)은 이기(裏氣)${\rightarrow}$표기(表氣), 표기(表氣)${\rightarrow}$이기(裏氣)으로 이기(裏氣)에서 표기(表氣)로 양기(陽氣)가 외둔(外遁)하는 것과 표기(表氣)에서 이기(裏氣)로 음기(陰氣)가 내둔(內遁)하는 병리적 현상을 나타낸다. ◈ 그외 소음인(少陰人)의 대장파한과 소양인(少陽人)의 심하결흉(心下結胸)온 표기병(表氣病)으로 이기불화(裏氣不和)한 것으로 전사해부위(前四海部位)에서 소복경만(小腹硬滿)과 심하(心下)(억(臆))결흉(結胸)의 증상이 나타난다. 4. 이병(裏病)에서 살펴 보면, ◈ 소음인(少陰人)의 이병(裏病)은 냉기(冷氣)의 취산경중(聚散經重)에 따른 이기(裏氣)의 음기하강(陰氣下降)을 나타내며 태음증(太陰證)은 위(胃)증에 온기(溫氣)는 유지하나 대장(大腸)에 냉기(冷氣)가 의취(疑聚)된 것이고, 소음병(少陰病)은 대장(大腸)의 냉기(冷氣)가 위(胃)증에 온기(溫氣)를 범(犯)하여 태음증(太陰證)에 비해 병중이 더욱 중(重)하게 되는 것이다. ◈ 소양인(少陽人)의 이기(裏氣)은 대장(大腸)의 청양상승(淸陽上升)에 따른 이기(裏氣)의 양기상승(陽氣上升)을 나타내며 두면사지(頭面四肢)에 양기(陽氣)상승으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되면 화기(火氣)가 되어 모양(耗陽)하는 병중의 단계(예 : 상소(上消))와 위국(胃局)에 양기(陽氣)상승으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되는 병종의 단계(예 : 중소(中消))와 대장국(大腸局)에 양기상승(陽氣上升)으로 충족(充足)하지 못하고 울열(鬱熱)되는 병중의 단계(예 : 하소(下消), 음허오열(陰虛午熱) 음수배한이구(飮水背寒而嘔)가 있다. 상소(上消)와 중소(中消)는 이양(裡陽)의 상승(上升)에 허손(虛損)이 있더라도 표음양기(表陰降氣)가 온전하므로 경(輕)하고, 음허오열(陰虛午熱) 음수배한이구(飮水背寒而嘔)는 표이음양(表裏陰陽)이 모두 허손(虛損)함으로써 하소(下消)보다 더욱 중증(重證)이 된다.