• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2019

Behavioral analysis in mice provided important contributions in helping understand and treat numerous neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioral performance of animals and humans is widely different among individuals but the neurobehavioral mechanism of the innate difference is seldom investigated. Many neurologic conditions share comorbid symptoms that may have common pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy. The forced swim test (FST) has been commonly used to evaluate the "antidepressant" properties of drugs yet the individual difference analysis of this test was left scantly investigated along with the possible connection among other behavioral domains. This study conducted an FST-screening in outbred CD-1 male mice and segregated them into three groups: high performers (HP) or the active swimmers, middle performers (MP), and low performers (LP) or floaters. After which, a series of behavioral experiments were performed to measure their behavioral responses in the open field, elevated plus maze, Y maze, three-chamber social assay, novel object recognition, delay discounting task, and cliff avoidance reaction. The behavioral tests battery revealed that the three groups displayed seemingly correlated differences in locomotor activity and novel object recognition but not in other behaviors. This study suggests that the HP group in FST has higher locomotor activity and novelty-seeking tendencies compared to the other groups. These results may have important implications in creating behavior database in animal models that could be used for predicting interconnections of various behavioral domains, which eventually helps to understand the neurobiological mechanism controlling the behaviors in individual subjects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of Angelica gigas Nakai(AGN) on the ischemic injury by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Methods : The ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. AGN herbal acupuncture into SP10 was carried out during 3 weeks after ischemic injury. Eight-arm radial maze was designed for the behavioral task. AGN herbal acupuncture showed neuroprotective agents in cresyl violet, acetylcholinesterase(AchE), choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) and nerve growth factor(NGF)-stain. Then check the effect of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) according to AGN herbal acupuncture in rats. Results : The errors in the eight-arm radial maze task were significantly decreased in normal group compared with control group on 1~6days, AGN2(0.02g/kg) herbal acupuncture group on 1~5days, AGN3(0.1g/kg) on 1~3days, AGN4(0.5g/kg) on 1, 3~6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in AGN1(0.01g/kg) and AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in normal group and AGN1, AGN3, AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups compared with control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 had a tendency to increase in all the groups when they were compared with control group, but not significant. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in normal group and AGN1, AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups compared with control group. The density of NGF in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased AGN4 herbal acupuncture group compared with control group. The rCBF was significantly increased in AGN1, AGN3 and AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups without the change of blood pressure. Conclusions : These results suggest that AGN herbal acupuncture can be used for controlling stroke in early stage as herbal medication.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.25-41
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• 2005

Objectives : Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) has been used to medication for early stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of BCL on the focal ischemia-induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Materials and methods: The focal ischemia was induced by Intraluminal Filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. BCL herbal acupuncture at ST36 was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuroprotective effect of BCL acupuncture was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in BCL1(0.89mg/kg) herbal acupuncture group compared to control group on 3,4,5days, compared to saline acupuncture group on 3,5days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in saline acupuncture, BCL1 herbal acupuncture group, BCL2(0.089mg/kg) herbal acupuncture groups compared to control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in BCL1 herbal acupuncture group compared to the others. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in BCL1 herbal acupuncture, BCL2 herbal acupuncture groups compared to control group, and in BCL2 herbal acupuncture groups increased compared to saline acupuncture, control groups. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in BCLl herbal acupuncture group compared to saline acupuncture, control groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that BCL herbal acupuncture could be used as a medication for controlling the early stroke.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.137-156
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• 2005

Objectives : Cnidium officinale(CO) has been used for medication for stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CO on the focal ischemia-induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion(MCAO) in rats Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by MCAO. CO extracts through oral administration and herbal acupuncture at GB2l was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task. For the neuroprotective effect of CO, we investigated AchE, ChAT, and NGF-expression by immnohistochemical method. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in normal group compared to control group on 1-6days, OA-CO1(CO oral administration, 0.8g/kg) group on 1-6days, OA-CO2(CO oral administration, 1.6g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days, HA-CO1(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.016g/kg) group on 2,3,6days, HA-CO2(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.008g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of NGE in the hippocampal CAI was significantly increased in OA-CO1, OA-CO2, HA-CO2. Conclusions : These results suggest that CO oral administration with 0.8g/kg and CO herbal acupuncture with 0.008g/kg might be used as a regulator of cell death of cholinergic system induced by stroke.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

Objectives : The acupuncture has been used as treatment of disease in the oriental medicine. In this study, it was investigated at had an effects of Heart JEONGGYEOK(心正格) of SAAM five evolutive phase acupuncture techniques(舍岩五行鑛法) for appling deficiency in the heart induced by experimental focal ischemia. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intactness group), control(no therapy group after ischemia-induced), AT1(reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), AT2(reinforcing acupoint of Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT3(combination of reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK and Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced), AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LRI, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). Acupuncture therapy was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of acupuncture therapy was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in AT3 group on 3days, in AT1 and AT4 groups on 4days, in AT3 and AT4 groups on 5days compared to the control group. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in all experiment groups, AT1, AT2, AT3 and AT4 groups compared to the control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in AT1 and AT3 group compared to the control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke by deficiency in the heart.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.67-81
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• 2005

Objectives : Cervus Elaphus(CE) has been used to medication for ischemic stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CE herbal acupuncture therapy(CE-HAT) on the focal ischemia-induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intachess group), control(no theray group after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT1(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT2(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT3(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT4(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). CE-HAT was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of CE-HAT was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in CE-HAT1, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT4 on 3days, CE-HAT4 on 4days, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT4 on 5days, CE-HAT3, CE-HAT4 on 6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in CE-HAT4. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in CE-HAT1, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT3, CE-HAT4, compared to control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increase in CE-HAT4. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased CE-HAT1. Conrlusions : These results suggest that the Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke induced by deficiency.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

Ancient Korean physicians have used several oriental herbs to cure dementia and these effects were described in the Korean herbal books. Some cognitive-enhancing oriental herbs have been widely used as a herbal medicine against dementia. However, few of studies have proved their efficacy in treatment for dementia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of herbal compounds, which are mainly consisted of Uncaria sinensis, Corydalis yanhusuo and Acorus gramineus on learning and memory in Mortis water maze task and the central cholinergic system of the rats with neurotoxic medial septum lesion. In water maze test, the animals were trained to find a platform in a fixed position during 6 days and then received a 60-s probe trial in which the platform was removed from the pool on the 7th day. Ibotanic and 192 saporin lesion of the medial septum (MS) impaired the performance of maze test and degenerated choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the brain, which is a marker of the central cholinergic system. Daily administrations of herbal medicine (100mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 consecutive days produced significant reversals of the neurotoxic-induced deficit in learning and memory. These treatments also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactive neurons in the brain induced by neurotoxin. These results demonstrated that herbal compounds ameliorated learning and memory deficits through effects on the central nervous system, partly through effect on the acetylcholine system. Our studies suggest an evidence of these herbs as treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2000

스테로이드 호르몬의 일종인 에스트로젠은 생식기능에 영향을 미치는 것 외에 학습 및 기억과 관련된 기능에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근, 에스트로젠은 기억과 관련된 뇌세포 신 경망의 발달과 뇌 기능 장애를 방지할 수 있다는 부분에서 상당한 관심의 대상이되고 있다. 그러나 에스트로젠 대체 치료가 폐경기의 많은 여성들에게 도움을 주기도 하지만 여러 부작용을 유발하는 것으로도 알려져 있다 인삼 역시도 스테로이드 특성을 보이며 에스트로젠과 유사한 화학구조를 가지는 여러 성분을 가지고 있다. 본 실험의 목적은 첫째로 공간 기억력을 측정하기에 여러 장점을 가지고 있으면서 다른 어떠한 행동학적 실험보다 학습과 기억의 동물 모텔로 잘 알려진 방법인 Morris water maze를 이용하여 에스트로젠의 효과를 확인하고, 두 번째는 인삼이 학습과 기억에서 에스트로젠과 같은 효과를 나타낼 수 있는지를 확인하는 것이다. 본 실험은 인위적으로 난소를 제거한 쥐에 17$\beta$-estradiol(100~250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), panaxadiol(PD), panaxatriol(PT) sapo-nins(15~100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml)을 sesame oil에 녹인 capsule을 implant했다. 첫 번째 실험에서 난소를 제거한 쥐에 에스트로젠을 투입했을때 학습과 기억의 효과를 확인했다. 두 번째 실험에서는 난소를 제거한 쥐에 3가지 다른 농도에서의 PD, PT를 투입했을 때 학습과 기억에 대한 에스트로젠의 효과와 비교해 보았다. 2주 동안의implant 후 water maze 실험결과 세 그룹 모두 난소를 제거한 그룹보다 기억력이 향상되었다 이러한 결과를 토대로 에스트로젠이 학습과 기억에 영향을 준다는 것을 확인할 수 있었고 PD, PT 또한 학습과 기억에 관련된 행동에서 에스트로젠과 같은 효과를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 동물모델에서의 연구를 통하여 인삼이 에스트로젠 장기결핍치료에서 나타나는 여러 호르몬 부작용을 극복할 수 있는 에스트로젠 대체물질로 개발되어 기억력 저하를 수반하는 Alzheimer's disease 및 여러 퇴행성 중추신경 질환의 치료제로 대체의학의 natural compound이용에 그 기초 기전을 제공할 수 있으리라 여긴다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2011

Hypoxic ischemia injury is a common cause of functional brain damage, resulting from a decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The main problems associated with hypoxic ischemia to the brain are memory impairment and dopamine dysfunction. Hypothermia has been suggested to ameliorate the neurological impairment induced by various brain insults. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypothermia on memory function and dopamine synthesis following hypoxic ischemia to the brain in rats. For this purpose, a step-down avoidance task, a radial eight-arm maze task, and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) were performed. The present results indicated that the hypoxic ischemia-induced disturbance of the animal's performances and spatial working memory was associated with a decrement in TH expression in the substantia nigra and striatum, and an increase in cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Hypothermia treatment improved the animals' performance and spatial working memory by suppressing the decrement in TH expression in the substantia nigra and striatum and the increase in cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. We suggest that hypothermia can be an efficient therapeutic modality to facilitate recovery following hypoxic ischemia injury to the brain, presumably by modulating the dopaminergic cell loss.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between children's private speech during the individual session and maternal scaffolding during mother-child session. Subjects were twenty 3-year-old children and twenty 5-year-old children and their mothers recruited from day-care centers in Seoul. Mother-child interaction was videotaped for 15 minutes and maternal utterances were transcribed for analysis maternal scaffolding. Individual session of child after 3-5days was videotaped for 15 minutes and children's utterance was transcribed. Subcategories of maternal scaffolding were significantly related with children's private speech during individual session. There did appear to be an age difference in this relationship. In verbal strategy for scaffolding that 3-year-old's mother used, other-regulation and control, praise strategy was significantly related with children's private speech. In verbal strategy for scaffolding that 5-year-old's mother used, other-regulation and control, teaching strategy was significantly related with children's private speech. In maternal physical control strategy, withdrawal of mother physical control the maze task over time was significantly related with children's private speech. Withdrawal of mother physical control 5-year-old's physical performance was significantly related with children's private speech.