• 약학회지
• /
• 제51권6호
• /
• pp.500-507
• /
• 2007

To investigate the possibility of development as a whitening agent using bamboo extracts (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis), we measured DPPH assay, NBT/XO assay, intracellular ROS scavenging assay, tyrosinase assay and MSH-induced melanin production in B-16 cells. Bamboo extracts had dose-dependently anti-oxidant activity in DPPH, NBT/XO and intracellular ROS assay. Bamboo extracts appear to inhibit xanthine oxidase directly. Bamboo extracts inhibited not only purified tyrosinase activity but also inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells stimulated by $1{\mu}M\;{\alpha}$-MSH. Anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate fraction was more potent than those of water fraction, whereas whitening effect of water fraction was stronger than ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, these results suggest that water fraction of bamboo extracts may be useful for the development as whitening agents reducing cytotoxicity.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.12-17
• /
• 2012

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma pharmacopuncture (ARP) against acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 in rats. Methods: The ARP was injected in Joksamni (ST36) and Jungwan (CV12) 1 hr before treatment with compound 48/80. The animals were sacrificed under anesthesia 3 hrs after treatment with compound 48/80. The stomachs were removed, and the amounts of gastric adherent mucus, gastric mucosal hexosamine, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), xanthine oxidase (XO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Also, histological examination were performed. Results: Gastric adherent mucus, gastric mucosal hexosamine and histological defects of gastric mucosa declined significantly after ARP treatment. Changes in gastric mucosal TBARS were also reduced by ARP treatment, but this result was not statistically significant. ARP treatment did not change the XO and the SOD activities. Conclusions: ARP showed protective effects for acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 in rats. These results suggest that ARP may have protective effects for gastritis.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.996-1001
• /
• 2003

It is well known that oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species(ROS) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of bone disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress. Cell viability by MTS assay or INT assay, activity of glutathione peroxidase(GPx), lipid peroxidation(LPO) activity and cell viablity. And also protctive effect of glutamate receptors against ROS-induced osteotoxicity was examined by protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cultured rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts. XO/HX decreased cell viability and GPx activity, protein synthesis and ALP activity, but increased LPO activity and LDH activity. In the protective effect, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists or AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists such as D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), 7-chlorokynurenic acid (CKA), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), NMDA receptor antagonists but AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists showed protective effect on xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) in these cultures by the increse of protein synthesis, ALP activity.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.171-177
• /
• 2010

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine proteases that convert plasminogen to plasmin. The PA/plasmin system has been associated with a number of physiological processes such as fibrinolysis, ovulation and fertilization. Although correlations have been reported between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oocyte maturation, the relationship between PA activity and ROS is unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of cumulus cells on PA activity in matured porcine oocytes under xanthine (X)-xanthine oxidase (XO) system. When oocytes were matured under the X-XO system, the proportion of oocytes remaining GV stage was higher (p<0.05) in oocytes without cumulus cells. The incidence of degenerated oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in the X+XO ($11.1{\pm}6.1$ and $21.6{\pm}3.4%$) than in the control group ($2.9{\pm}1.8$ and $4.0{\pm}1.6%$). The proportion of TUNEL-positive oocytes and activity of caspase-3 were higher (p<0.05) in cumulus-free oocytes and oocytes exposed to ROS. Tissue-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor (tPA-PAI) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity were detected in oocytes that were separated from cumulus-oocytes complexs (COCs) at 44 h of maturation culture, and only tPA was produced in oocytes that were denuded before the onset of maturation culture. On the other hand, the activities of PA were increased (p<0.05) when oocytes were cultured under the X-XO system. The higher activity of tPA was observed in denuded oocytes (DOs) underwent apoptotic changes by oxidative stress. In COCs, however, tPA-PAI as well as tPA activity was detected and apoptotic changes such as DNA cleavage or caspase-3 activation were not observed. These results suggest that tP A may be relevant to apoptotic cell death in porcine oocytes by oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 2013

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in various cells, including vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and regulate ion channel functions. $K_{Ca}3.1$ plays an important role in endothelial functions. However, the effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals on the expression of this ion channel in the endothelium remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of ROS donors on $K_{Ca}3.1$ expression and the $K^+$ current in primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The hydrogen peroxide donor, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), upregulated $K_{Ca}3.1$ expression, while the superoxide donors, xanthine/xanthine oxidase mixture (X/XO) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), downregulated its expression, in a concentration-dependent manner. These ROS donor effects were prevented by antioxidants or superoxide dismustase. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) was upregulated by TBHP and downregulated by X/XO. In addition, repressor element-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) was downregulated by TBHP, and upregulated by X/XO. Furthermore, $K_{Ca}3.1$ current, which was activated by clamping cells with 1 ${\mu}M$ $Ca^{2+}$ and applying the $K_{Ca}3.1$ activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone, was further augmented by TBHP, and inhibited by X/XO. These effects were prevented by antioxidants. The results suggest that hydrogen peroxide increases $K_{Ca}3.1$ expression by upregulating pERK and downregulating REST, and augments the $K^+$ current. On the other hand, superoxide reduces $K_{Ca}3.1$ expression by downregulating pERK and upregulating REST, and inhibits the $K^+$ current. ROS thereby play a key role in both physiological and pathological processes in endothelial cells by regulating $K_{Ca}3.1$ and endothelial function.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2003

To investigate the cyclohexane and xylene mixture treatment on the liver damage, the rats were treated by the mixture of cyclohexane and xylene (CH＋X) and then, liver damage was demonstrated by liver function findings based on liver weight/body weight, serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), xanthine oxidase (XO) and then compared with cyclohexane treated group (CH group) and xylene-treated group (X). The CH＋X group showed merely severer liver damge than CH or X group. On the other hand, CH＋X group showed lower activity of hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent aniline hydroxylase (CYPdAH) than CH or X group, but no statical differences were demonstrated among three experimental groups. Especially the hepatic GSH content was merely declined than CH or X group and the activity of hepatic GST was higher in CH＋X group than CH or X group. In conclusion, cyclohexane and xylene mixture treated animals showed merely severer liver damage than cyclohexane or xylene treated group and such a fact may be caused by inhibition of cyclohexane or xylene metabolism and oxygen free radical.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.757-766
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of non-fermented (CAC) and Monascus pilosus-fermented Columbia arabica coffee (FCAC), as well as Luwak coffee (LC) beans. The results indicated that total polyphenols content (mg/g of dry basis) was highest in CAC (70.69), followed by LC (62.07), and FCAC (41.38). However, the ratio of total flavonoids/polyphenols in FCAC was the highest. In terms of electron donating ability (%, coffee mg/mL), CAC was significantly higher than LC and FCAC. Regardless of fermentation, ferric reducing antioxidant powers were similar in CAC and FCAC and lowest in LC. LC also had the highest inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XO). However FAAC had the highest inhibitory activity against aldehyde oxidase (AO), with nearly three times the levels found in CAC and LC. According to the above results, FCAC had a higher ratio of flavonoids/polyphenols and iron chelating activity than CAC. FCAC also had the highest AO inhibitory activity among the three experimental coffee beans. The results suggest that further studies are required to evaluate the bioactive components of various coffee beans so as to determine the potential benefits that coffee may have on preventing oxidative stress-related conditions.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2017

쌀 배아의 활용가능성을 높이기 위한 기초연구로서 미생물을 이용하여 발효 쌀 배아를 제조한 후 품질특성과 생리활성을 분석하였다. 대조군인 왕겨와 쌀 배아 30% 및 70% 함유시료를 Bacillus 속의 발효균으로 발효시켰다. 일반성분 분석결과, 쌀 배아 함량이 증가할수록 조단백질 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였고, 발효 전에 비해 발효 후에 유의적으로 높았다. 수분함량은 발효 후 현저히 감소하였다. 발효 후 pH는 5.83~6.26에서 4.77~4.93으로 급격히 감소하였고, 총산도는 증가하였다. 총고형분 함량은 $0.40{\sim}0.87^{\circ}Bx$에서 발효 후 $1.63{\sim}2.20^{\circ}Bx$로 증가하였고, 총당 함량은 377.56~450.64 mg/mL에서 136.81~151.53 mg/mL로 감소하였다. 발효 전 후 폴리페놀 함량은 대조군이 0.59 및 0.73 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높았고 쌀 배아 30% 및 70% 함유시료는 발효 전 각각 0.26 및 0.28 mg GAE/g에서 발효 후 0.52 및 0.70 mg GAE/g과 같이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 플라보노이드 함량은 시료별 및 발효 전 후의 차이가 미미한 것으로 나타났다. DPPH 자유라디칼에 대한 전자공여능을 분석한 결과, 대조군의 $IC_{50}$은 가장 낮았으며, 발효 전 3.77 mg/mL에서 발효 후 3.36 mg/mL로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 쌀 배아 30% 함유시료는 발효 전 후 각각 6.05 및 3.90 mg/mL로 나타났고, 70% 함유시료는 각각 10.52 및 6.58 mg/mL와 같이 발효 후 유의적으로 감소하였다. 대조군의 xanthine oxidase 저해활성은 발효 전 59.65%에서 발효 후 63.69%로 증가하였으며, 모든 시료 중 가장 높았다. 쌀 배아 30% 및 70% 함유시료는 발효 전 각각 43.12% 및 49.81%에서 발효 후 51.32% 및 59.32%로 유의적으로 활성이 증가하였다. ACE 저해활성은 대조군이 발효 전 후에 가장 높아 36.11%에서 40.51%로 증가하였다. 쌀 배아 30% 함유시료는 14.79%에서 22.69%로 활성이 증가하였고, 70% 함유시료는 28.54%에서 33.91%로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 종합적으로 쌀 배아의 함량이 증가할수록 단백질 함량은 증가하고, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, XO 및 ACE 저해활성은 낮아지나, 미생물 발효에 의해 이와 같은 생리활성이 증진되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 미생물 발효는 향후 쌀 배아의 이용가능성 증진에 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 2011

한방생약재로 사용되고 있는 자귀나무 수피를 천연 항산화제 및 기능성 식품이나 제품을 개발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 자귀나무 수피를 물을 용매로 $80^{\circ}C$와 $110^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 추출된 물 추출물(AW)과 열수 추출물(AHW) 그리고 70% 에탄올을 용매로 $60^{\circ}C$에서 추출된 에탄올 추출물(AE)에 대한 생리활성 물질의 함량과 효과를 측정하였다. 자귀나무 수피의 열수 추출물인 AHW에서 가장 많은 8.57 mg/g의 플라보노이드와 108.67mg/g의 폴리페놀 화합물을 함유하였다. SOD 유사활성은 1.0 mg/mL의 농도에서 10.46~16.73%였으며, 아질산염 소거능은 pH 1.2의 조건에서 49.86~60.82%로 AHW에서 가장 높은 소거효과를 보였으며 $IC_{50}$은 $770.18\;{\mu}g$/mL였다. DPPH를 이용한 전자공여능 측정 결과에서는 0.3 mg/mL의 농도에서 AHW가 92.30%로 가장 우수한 활성을 보였으나, $IC_{50}$은 AW($31.31\;{\mu}g$/mL)와 AHW($36.22\;{\mu}g$/mL)가 ascorbic acid ($39.10\;{\mu}g$/mL)보다 낮은 농도에서 50%의 전자공여능을 나타내었다. XO에 대한 저해효과를 측정한 결과에서도 AHW가 94.05%의 저해율와 127.78 ug/mL의 $IC_{50}$ 농도를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과 합환피 한약재명으로 사용되고 자귀나무 수피는 물을 용매로 $110^{\circ}C$에서 추출된 열수 추출물(AHW)이 세가지 추출물 중 가장 많은 플라보노이드와 폴리페놀 화합물을 함유하며, 생리활성 효과에서도 우수하며 특히 전자공여능은 낮은 농도에서도 ascorbic acid보다 높은 활성을 나타내어 자귀나무 수피는 천연 생리활성 물질로서 식품과 기능성 제품에 활용 가능성이 있는 약용식물자원으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.668-683
• /
• 2013

본 연구는A oryzae 발효시킨 청미래덩굴잎의 차로서의 최적 물 추출조건을 확립하기 위하여 농도, 추출온도 및 추출시간을 독립변수로 하고, 종속변수로는 항 통풍 및 항 알코올성 복부비만과 같은 청미래덩굴 본래의 기능성과 관련하여 total polyphenol(TP) 및 total flavonoid(TF) 함량, 발효에 의하여 생성되는 색상물질의 함량($OD_{475}$), xanthine oxidase 및 aldehyde oxidase 저해활성(XOI 및 AOI)을 측정함과 동시에 차로서의 품질과 관련이 있는 색상, 수용성 고형물의 양, 전자공여능(EDA) 및 종합적인 기호도(OA)를 반응표면분석법(response surface methodology)을 통하여 예측하였다. 반응표면에 대한 이차다중회귀방정식의 결정계수($R^2$)는 EDA(0.69), XOI(0.78)을 제외하고는 모든 종속변수들이 0.85~0.98범위로 높은 적합도를 나타내었다. 그러나 EDA와 XOI의 활성은 저 농도에서도 비교적 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 결정계수가 0.8이상으로 나타난 종속변수에 대하여 반응표면분석을 행한 결과 모든 변수들에서 다 같이 농도가 추출에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 TP, $a^*$ 및 $b^*$값, $OD_{475}$, WSS 및 AOI는 1%수준에서 유의성을 나타내었고, OA는 5%수준에서 유의성을 나타내었다. 추출온도의 경우는 $a^*$ 및 $b^*$, $OD_{475}$, WSS의 함량이 5%수준에서 유의성을 나타내었다. 청미래덩굴잎의 기능성과 관련하여 가장 중요한 요소의 하나인 AOI는 농도 2.19%, 추출온도 $90.02^{\circ}C$, 추출시간 4.03 min이 최적 조건으로 나타났으며 이때의 AOI 값은 59.48% ($R^2$: 0.93, p<0.007) 이었다. 통풍과 음주에 의한 복부비만과 관련이 있는 XO와 AO의 저해활성을 뒷받침하는 TP 및 TF 함량, $OD_{475}$ 그리고 차의 품질과 관련된 색상 및 종합적인 기호도 등 모든 종속변수를 만족시킬 수 있는 최적 물 추출조건의 범위는 농도 1.6~1.8%, 추출온도 $83{\sim}93^{\circ}C$, 추출시간 3.4~4.4 min이었으며 최적조건은 농도 1.7%, 추출온도 $88^{\circ}C$, 추출시간 3.9 min 이었다.