• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 1994

$(NH_4)_{4.5}[H_{3.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(A),\;(NH_4)_4[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(B),\;and\;K_{3.5}[H_{4.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}3\;H_2O(C)$ have been synthesized and their molecular structures have been also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The space groups, unit cell parameters, and R factors are as follows: Compound A, monoclinic, $A_{2/a}$, a= 19.074 (3), b=21.490 (3), c=15.183 (2) ${\AA};\;{\beta}$=109.67 (1) ${\AA}$; z=8; R=0.075($IF_0I>4{\sigma}(IF_0I);$ Compound B, triclinic, P$bar{1}$, a=10.776 (2), b=15.174 (4), c=10.697 (3) ${\AA};\;{\alpha}$ =126.29 (2), ${\beta}$=111.55 (2), ${\gamma}$=93.18 (2) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.046($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I);$): Compound C, triclinic, Pl, a=12.426 (2), b=13.884 (2), c=10.089 (1) ${\AA}$; ${\alpha}$=102.59 (2), ${\beta}$=110.73 (1), ${\gamma}$=53.93 (1) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.074 ($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I)$. Compounds A and C contain the well-known Anderson structure (planar structure) heteropoly oxometalate having approximate $bar{3}_m(D_{3d})$ symmetry, while compound B contains the bent structure heteropoly oxometalate having appproximate $2_{mm}(C2_v)$ symmetry. The bent structure and the planar one are geometrical isomers. These compounds are rot only novel heteroply molybdates containing platinate(IV) but also the first example of geometrical isomerism in the hexamolybdoheteropoly oxometalates. That isomerization surprisingly occurred because of the change of only 0.5 non-acidic hydrogen atom attached to the polyanion such as $[H_{3.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4.5-}{\to}[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4-}{\to}[H_{4.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{3.5-}$. It seems that the gradual protonation of the polyanion plays an important role in that isomerism. These heteropolyanions form dimers by strong hydrogen bonds between two heteropolyanions in the respective crystal system.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 2000

The positions of Xe atoms encapsulated in the molecular-dimensioned cavities of fully dehydrated Na-A have been determined. Na-A was exposed to 1050atm of xenon gas at 400 $^{\circ}C$ for seven days, followed by cooling at pressure to encapsulate Xe atoms. The resulting crystal structure of Na-A(7Xe) (a = 12.249(1) $\AA$, $R_1$ = 0.065, and $R_2$ = 0.066) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) $^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. In the crystal structure of Na-A(7Xe), seven Xe atoms per unit cell are distributed over four crystallographically distinct positions: one Xe atom at Xe(1) lies at the center of the sodalite unit, two Xe atoms at Xe(4) are found opposite four-rings in the large cavity, and four Xe atoms, two at Xe(2) and others at Xe(3), respectively, occupy positions opposite and between eight- and six-rings in the large cavity. Relatively strong interactions of Xe atoms at Xe(2) and Xe(3) with $Na^+$ ions of four-, eight-, and six-rings are observed:Na(1)-Xe(2) = 3.09(6), Na(2)-Xe(3) = 3.11(2), and Na(3)-Xe(2) = 3.37(8) $\AA$. In each sodalite unit, one Xe atom is located at its center. In each large cavity, six Xe atoms are found, forming a distorted octahedral arrangement with four Xe atoms, at equatorial positions (each two at Xe(2) and Xe(3)) and the other two at axial positions (at Xe(4)). With various reasonable distances and angles, the existence of $(Xe)_6$ cluster is proposed (Xe(2)-Xe(3) = 4.78(6) and 4.94(7), Xe(2)-Xe(4) = 4.71(6) and 5.06(6), Xe(3)-Xe(4) = 4.11(3) and 5.32(4) $\AA$, Xe(2)-Xe(3)-Xe(2) = 93(1), Xe(3)-Xe(2)-Xe(3) = 87(1), Xe(2)-Xe(4)-Xe(2) = 91(4), Xe(2)-Xe(4)-Xe(3) = 55(2), 59(1), 61(1), and 68(1), and Xe(3)-Xe(4)-Xe(3) = 89($^{\circ}1$)). These arrangements of the encapsulated Xe atoms in the large cavity are stabilized by alternating dipoles induced on Xe(2), Xe(3), and Xe(4) by eight- and six-ring $Na^+$ ions as well as four-ring oxygens, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.22 no.9
• /
• pp.1023-1029
• /
• 2001

The positions of Kr atoms encapsulated in the molecular-dimensioned cavities of fully dehydrated zeolite A of unit-cell composition Cs3Na8HSi12Al12O48 (Cs3-A) have been determined. Cs3-A was exposed to 1025 atm of krypton gas at 400 $^{\circ}C$ for four days, followed by cooling at pressure to encapsulate Kr atoms. The resulting crystal structure of Cs3-A(6Kr) (a = $12.247(2)\AA$, R1 = 0.078, and R2 = 0.085) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at $21(1)^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. In the crystal structure of Cs3-A(6Kr), six Kr atoms per unit cell are distributed over three crystallographically distinct positions: each unit cell contains one Kr atom at Kr(1) on a threefold axis in the sodalite unit, three at Kr(2) opposite four-rings in the large cavity, and two at Kr(3) on threefold axes in the large cavity. Relatively strong interactions of Kr atoms at Kr(1) and Kr(3) with Na+ ions of six-rings are observed: Na-Kr(1) = 3.6(1) $\AA$ and Na-Kr(3) = $3.08(5)\AA.$ In each sodalite unit, one Kr atom at Kr(1) was displaced $0.74\AA$ from the center of the sodalite unit toward a Na+ ion, where it can be polarized by the electrostatic field of the zeolite, avoiding the center of the sodalite unit which by symmetry has no electrostatic field. In each large cavity, five Kr atoms were found, forming a trigonal-bipyramid arrangement with three Kr(2) atoms at equatorial positions and two Kr(3) atoms at axial positions. With various reasonable distances and angles, the existence of Kr5 cluster was proposed (Kr(2)-Kr(3) = $4.78(6)\AA$ and Kr(2)-Kr(2) = $5.94(7)\AA$, Kr(2)-Kr(3)-Kr(2) = 76.9(3), Kr(3)-Kr(2)-Kr(3) = 88(1), and Kr(2)-Kr(2)-Kr(2) = $60^{\circ}).$ These arrangements of the encapsulated Kr atoms in the large cavity are stabilized by alternating dipoles induced on Kr(2) by four-ring oxygens and Kr(3) by six-ring Na+ ions, respectively.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Quercus serrata with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon storage and removals. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Quercus serrata by applying Kozak's model,$d=a_1DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_1Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3{\sqrt{Z}}+b_4e^Z+b_5({\frac{DBH}{H}})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume tables of Quercus serrata were derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.65t/m^3$, BEF=1.55, R=0.43) of Quercus serrata. As a result of carbon stock analysis by age class in Quercus serrata, carbon stocks of IV age class (11,358 ha, 36.5%) and V age class (10,432; 33.5%) which take up the largest area in distribution of age class were 957,000 tC and 1,312,000 tC. Total carbon stocks of Quercus serrata were 3,191,000 tC which is 3% compared with total percentage of broad-leaved forest and carbon sequestration per hectare(ha) was 3.8 tC/ha/yr, $13.9tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.

• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 2006

SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber; 25 wt% of solid contents) nanocomposites reinforced with OLS(organically modified layered silicates) were manufactured via the latex method. Two types of OLS are prepared, i.e. dodecylamine (primary amine) modified montmorillonite (DA-MMT) and N, N-dimethyldodecylamine (tertiary amino) modified MMT (DDA-MMT). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the layer distance of OLS and the morphology of the nanocomposites. SBR nanocomposites reinforced with ternary phase filler (carbon black/silica/OLS) systems also manufactured. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed on these composites to determine the loss factor (tan $\delta$) over a range of temperature($-20^{\circ}C{\sim}80^{\circ}C$). The results showed that there was significant changes on the values or tan $\delta$ with the addition of small amount of the OLS. By increasing the contents of OLS, the values of tan $\delta$ at $0^{\circ}C$ increased but those of tan $\delta$ at $60^{\circ}C$ decreased with increasing OLS contents.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
• /
• v.4
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 2003

This study was not intended to analyze out the realities of the safety accidents in school. The purpose of this study was to find out the personality of elementary school students in 6th grade and analyze the relationship between the personality of elementary school students and the safety accidents in the school. We made a visit 12 elementary school personally in the B city of Gyeonggi Province and gave out 552 questionaries in order to accomplish the purpose of this study. And we analyzed the 501 answer data except the unfittable data 51 sheets-in case of no answer or untruthfulness. The inspection of the personality used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) and the questionnaires of the safety accidents in the school were reorganized of the questionnaires which were used in Chun-Ok, Joen(1997) and One-Yong, Kim(1999)'s study to correspond with our purpose of study. Answer sheets were gone through the t and x2 test by using the program of SPPS. First, elementary school students are in the formative period in the life of a man. So many students's personality was in the middle group rather than in high and low group. In regard of the distintion between the boy students and the girl students, the boy students had higher score in Psychoticism(P) but the girl students had higher score in Neutroticism(N). And Lie(L) was showing a little more score in the girl students. Second, there was significant difference in the investigation of safety accidents in school according to sex distinction. 1) Comparing the boy students and the girl students, the rate of accidents was higher in boy rather than girl. And there was significant difference. 2) Comparing the grade of the school, the rate of accidents was higher in upper grade than lower grade both girls and boys. 3) In the kind of accidents, the traumatic Injuries were very popular and the next were contusions. There was significant difference in the traumatic injury and nosebleed. 4) The results of injured parts showed that the injuries of foot, leg, hand, arm hold a large majority. And there was a significant difference in head, face, foot, leg and etc. 5) Most accidents broke out during the break time and then accidents happened after school were the next. The flowings were lunch time and class time. There was a significant difference in accidents happened during the class, break time and lunch time. 6) Comparing the subjects, the most accidents broke out in the class of physics. 7) Among the cause of accidents, one's own carelessness was showing the highest rate. There was a significant distintion in the fight and game. 8) The safety accidents took place most in playground, and there was a significant difference. 9) Being slight wound was showing almost in the degrees of damage. And there was a significant difference. Third, the boy students were not showing the significant difference in relation to the personality, the frequency of accidents and the degrees of damage. But the girl students were showing the significant difference in relation to the Extraversion-Introversion(E) and the frequency of accidents. And there were a significant difference between E and N. Also they were showing the intense damages.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1207-1213
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to assess $N_2O$ emissions in agricultural soils of Korea. According to 1996 and 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology, $N_2O$ emission was calculated the sum of direct emission ($N_2O_{DIRECT}$) and indirect emission ($N_2O_{INDIRECT}$). To calculate $N_2O$ emissions, emission factor was used default of IPCC and activity data was used the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). It was emitted 8,608 $N_2O$ Mg resulted from direct emission by application of chemical fertilizer and animal manure, input in n-fixation crops and input of crop residues and emissions converted $N_2O$ into $CO_2$ equivalent was 2,668 $CO_2$-eq Gg. Indirect emission as $N_2O_{(G)}$ (atmospheric deposition of $NH_3$ and $NO_X$) and $N_2O_{(L)}$ (leaching and runoffs) were 4,567 and 6,013 $N_2O$ Mg and emissions converted $N_2O$ into $CO_2$ equivalent were 1,416 and 1,864 $CO_2$-eq Gg, respectively. Total $N_2O$ emission in Korea agricultural soil in 2009 was 5,948 $CO_2$-eq Gg.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2021

Purpose: It is important to plan the ward module at a time when the size of beds, the floor area, and the construction budget are all set prior to the hospital design. In this context this study aims (1) to derive various factors affecting the ward module, and (2) to analyze the appropriate room module according to the type. Methods: Design factors related to hospital modules are derived through precedential studies, and the types of ward elevation are classified by reviewing the drawings of 18 case hospitals. And the detailed dimensions and area of the derived elements are analyzed. Results: The X-axis modules of the ward are switched to long span structural columns of 9.9 m, 12.6 m and 13.2 m, but the ward modules still represent 6.6 m. The Y-axis module of the ward shows a dimension of 9 to 9.9m in the process of changing a multi-person room into a four-person room. Type A of curtain wall with columns located on the wall of the room and type B of curtain wall located in the center of the room are analyzed due to their variations. The square window type, which forms the elevation of the square window by exposing the columns to the elevation, and the outframe type, which protrudes from the structural columns and beams, have elevation designs limited. There are, however, no obstacles to the interior space of the hospital room, so the wall composition and furniture arrangement are expected to be free. The ward area of Curtain Wall Type A, which can secure an effective area of 5.9m*5.0m, are 52.1m². The Curtain Wall Type A, Square window type, and the outframe type are 49.8m². Implications: As part of the hospital standard module plan for economical and reasonable hospital building planning, a type was proposed in this study in conjunction with the external design. It is hoped that it be a base for standard module research linked together to the Central Treatment department, Outpatient department and underground parking lot.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2019.04a
• /
• pp.111-111
• /
• 2019

Glycyrrhizae radix is one of the most frequently prescribed ingredients in Oriental medicine, and G. radix extract has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by G. radix are poorly defined. In the present study, it was examined the biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis by water extract of G. radix (WEGR) in human bladder T24 cancer cells. It was found that WEGR could inhibit the cell growth of T24 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation and increased populations of annexin-V positive cells. The induction of apoptotic cell death by WEGR was connected with an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein expression and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, and inhibition of apoptosis family proteins (XIAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2). In addition, apoptosis-inducing concentrations of WEGR induced the activation of caspase-9, an initiator caspase of the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway, and caspase-3, accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase. WEGR also induced apoptosis via a death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway by caspase-8 activation, resulting in the down-regulation of total Bid and suggesting the existence of cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Taken together, the present results suggest that WEGR may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the control of human bladder cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.498-508
• /
• 2019

This is a comparative descriptive research conducted to compare work obstacles and safety culture perceptions of elderly welfare facility employees in Korea and Japan. The number of subjects are total 680 including 460 Japanese employees, working at elderly welfare facility in city 'N', and 220 Korean employees in city 'A' and 'S' of province 'K'. This study had been conducted from April 1, 2018 to August 30, 2018 and the data was analyzed by x2-test, t-test, ANOVA. As a result, work obstacles were korea and japan, there were no statistically significant differences between two groups. In the safety culture perceptions, employees of elderly welfare facility in Korea showed significantly higher level of safety culture perception than employees of that in Japan. furthermore, it is revealed in both countries that the less work obstacles they have, the higher safety culture perceptions they get. And it is a work obstacles that affects safety culture perceptions. Lastly, it is expected that the result of this study can be used as basic data for the improvement of working environment and for the strategy development in human resource management to enhance the safety culture perceptions and to reduce work obstacles.