• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.534-538
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• 2001

Background: Knowledge of size and morphology of the normal trachea is important for airway management and tracheal reconstruction. Conventional radiography is a simple method used to measure the tracheal diameter, but it is not accurate because of the artifacts related to image magnification and overlapping by the shoulder. The purpose of this study was to provide the normal values of the tracheal size and anatomy in Korean adults using Computerized Topography. Material and Method: There were 43 men and 34 women included in this study. They were divided into three age groups(group 1, 20-39 years ; group 2, 40-59 yeas , groups 3, $\geq$60 years). The anteroposterior and transverse diameters and cross - sectional areas of the trachea were measured at the level of the thoracic inlet(Level 1) and the aortic arch(Level 2). These values obtained at each level were compared between age groups and sexes. Result: In 43 men, the anteroposterior / transverse diameters(mean SD in millimeters) of the trachea at levels 1 and 2 were 19.95$\pm$2.99 / 17.72$\pm$2.13 and 19.77$\pm$2.57 / 18.02$\pm$2.19, respectively. In 34 women, those values at levels 1 and 2 were 15.56$\pm$2.12 / 14.18$\pm$2.07 and 15.35$\pm$1.82 / 15.00$\pm$1.60, respectively. At both levels, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters were significantly greater in men than in women (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area of the trachea at levels 1 and 2 were 279.14$\pm$61.37 / 281.93$\pm$63.97 $\textrm{mm}^2$ in men and 173.29$\pm$35.81 / 181.88$\pm$34.74 in women, respectively. They also showed significantly greater values in men than in women(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in diameters and cross-sectional areas of the trachea between age groups. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the internal diameter and cross- sectional area of the trachea between men and women in normal Korean adults, while the age difference was insignificant. We believed CT is a relatively accurate and safe way to measure the internal diameter and cross-sectional areas of the trachea.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information necessary for the cleaning of excavated costumes. For the purpose, these researchers reviewed previous records of the actual cleaning of excavated costumes and then implemented and documented the processes of cleaning the Yeosan Song's costumes excavated at Mokdal-dong, Daejeon, which could date back to the early and mid periods of Choseon Dynasty. The excavated clothes of the family provide good examples for comparing men's costume of the 15th century with men's and women's of the mid and late 16th century. The total quantity of excavated remains were 184 and textiles were cotton, silk, hemp, ramie, and union cloth. The clothing remains were processed through wet or dry cleaning in accordance with their fabric condition and the extent to which they were worn or polluted. In detail, the excavated costumes of the Yeosan Song family were cleaned in two stages. For wet cleaning, both anionic(LAS) and nonionic(Triton X-100) surfactants were respectively used as cleaning agents and for dry cleaning, a mixture of n-hexane and n-decane(the ratio of 4 to 6) and petrolic dry cleaning solvent were used. After first cleaning, some cotton, ramie and hemp which had still the stains were processed bleaching and silk which were good condition was processed dry cleaning with the organic solvent again.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.267-272
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• 2011

Objective : Although iliac crest autograft is the gold standard for lumbar fusion, the morbidity of donor site leads us to find an alternatives to replace autologous bone graft. Ceramic-based synthetic bone grafts such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) provide scaffolds similar to those of autologous bone, are plentiful and inexpensive, and are not associated with donor morbidity. The present report describes the use of Polybone$^{(R)}$ (Kyungwon Medical, Korea), a beta-tricalcium phosphate, for lumbar posterolateral fusion and assesses clinical and radiological efficacy as a graft material. Methods : This study retrospectively analyzed data from 32 patients (11 men, 21 women) who underwent posterolateral fusion (PLF) using PolyBone$^{(R)}$ from January to August, 2008. Back and leg pain were assessed using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and clinical outcome was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Serial radiological X-ray follow up were done at 1, 3, 6 12 month. A computed tomography (CT) scan was done in 12 month. Radiological fusion was assessed using simple anterior-posterior (AP) X-rays and computed tomography (CT). The changes of radiodensity of fusion mass showed on the X-ray image were analyzed into 4 stages to assess PLF status. Results : The mean NRS scores for leg pain and back pain decreased over 12 months postoperatively, from 8.0 to 1.0 and from 6.7 to 1.7, respectively. The mean ODI score also decreased from 60.5 to 17.7. X-rays and CT showed that 25 cases had stage IV fusion bridges at 12 months postoperatively (83.3% success). The radiodensity of fusion mass on X-ray AP image significantly changed at 1 and 6 months. Conclusion: The present results indicate that the use of a mixture of local autologous bone and PolyBone$^{(R)}$ results in fusion rates comparable to those using autologous bone and has the advantage of reduced morbidity. In addition, the graft radiodensity ratio significantly changed at postoperative 1 and 6 months, possibly reflecting the inflammatory response and stabilization.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and fracture risk, is a major public health problem. The diagnostic methods for osteoporosis include simple radiography, bone scan, DXA (Dual energy X-ray Absortiometry) and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Optimal treatment and prevention of osteoporosis require modification of risk factors, particularly smoking cessation, adequate physical activity, and attention to diet, in addition to pharmacologic intervention. The estrogens and raloxifene both prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women, and the estrogens probably also decrease the risk of first fracture. There is good evidence that raloxifene prevents further fractures in postmenopausal women who already have had fractures and some evidence that estrogen does as well. Bisphosphonate prevents bone loss and reduces fractures in healthy and osteoporotic postmenopausal women and in osteoporotic men as well. Risedronate is more potent and has fewer side effects than alendronate and reduces the incidence of fractures in osteoporotic women. Calcitonin increases bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women and men with idiopathic osteoporosis, and also reduces the risk of new fractures in osteoporotic women. All of the agents discussed above prevent bone resorption, whereas teriparatide and strontium increase bone formation and are effective in the treatment of osteoporotic women and men. New avenues for targeting osteoporosis will emerge as our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of bone remodeling increases, although issues of tissue specificity may remain to be addressed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.197-207
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• 2021

Relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and type 2 diabetes is still inconsistent. Recently, many epidemiologic data show that fracture risk is increased in type 2 diabetic patients regardless of BMD status. In this study, we used nation-wide data from 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to analyze the BMD status in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetics. We included subjects aged 50 years or older in men (N=2,959, 2,430 without diabetes, 529 with type 2 diabetes) and postmenopausal women (N=2,902, 2,479 without diabetes, 423 with type 2 diabetes). Subjects with history of medication for osteoporosis or with illness or malignancy affecting bone metabolism were excluded. Data of anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics were collected by trained examiner. Serum was separated from peripheral venous blood samples obtained after 8 hours of fasting. BMD was measured at lumbar spine and femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There was a significant positive association between lumbar spine BMD and type 2 diabetes after adjusting age, gender, body mass index, monthly house income, education level, physical activity, daily calcium intake and vitamin D concentration by multiple regression analysis in all subjects. In the subgroup analysis by gender, this association was maintained both in male and female after adjusting those confounding factors. However, femur BMD was not different between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In conclusion, lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients aged 50 years or more in men and postmenopausal women compared to non-diabetic subjects.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.135-147
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the technical factors of Lu Yu Fu vault actually performed by three men gymnasts participated in artistic gymnastics competition of 2003 summer Universiade in Daegu through the DLT method of three dimensional cinematography. To analyze these vaults, the instant events of Lu Yu Fu were set in the board touchdown(BTD), the board takeoff(BTO), the horse touchdown(HTD), the horse takeoff(HTO), the peak height(PH), the mat touchdown(MTD) respectively and the phases of that vault were set in the board contact(BC), the preflight(PRF), the horse contact(HC), the postflight(POF), the grounding on mat(GM) respectively After calculating the performance times, the CG displacement velocity, the kinetic energy impulse reaction force moment arm torque at the horse, the released angle piked angle addressed angle, the angular momentum angular velocity of whole body in x axis, and the horizontal displacement between the feet and CG, the following conclusions were reached. To perform the better Lu Yu Fu vault, a gymnast must have the large horizontal velocity of whole body with fast run-up, decrease the duration time and the horizontal vertical displacement of whole body in PRF, have the enough time to judge the correct magnitude and direction of force to brake or push the horse so as to lengthen the HC duration time at any cost. Also it is desirable to increase the horizontal vertical displacement of whole body in POF if possible, maintain the adequate piked position to decrease the angular velocity of whole body in x axis, prepare the grounding on mat previously and delay the release of the hand from the body to keep the angular momentum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2012

This study locates factors that affect the intention to use fashion SNS (social network service) and intention for word-of-mouth on fashion SNS. Independent variables were fashion shopping orientation, attitude toward innovative products, fashion leadership, and demographics. A questionnaire method was used to collect data on college students while factor analyses, multiple regression, $x^2$ analyses, and Pearson correlation coefficients were applied in analyzing data. Factor analyses resulted in four factors for fashion shopping orientation, three on attitude toward innovative products and two on fashion leadership. Multiple regression analyses showed that information compatibility of attitude toward innovative products had a significant impact on two models of intention to use fashion SNS and two models of intention for word-of-mouth on fashion SNS. Opinion leadership and gender were significant factors for two models of intention to use fashion SNS, which means that women are likely to have more intention to use fashion SNS. Meanwhile, fashion innovativeness was found to be a significant factor on two models of intention for word-of-mouth on fashion SNS. Shopping orientation factors were not important for any model. $x^2$ analyses showed that women rather than men wanted more information on online fashion shows, general fashion information, and user participation programs. Fashion major students wanted more information on online fashion shows and user participation programs than non-fashion major students.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.53-64
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• 2008

Aims. The aims of this study were to identify the prevalence of osteoporosis and confirm the priority for health promotion program on the osteoporosis. Methods. 1,269 adults aged 18-84 years participated in this study from the Ansan Health Study sample. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the risk factors, and a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density in the anteroposterior lumbar spine and femur. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. Results. BMD was decreased rapidly in females in their 50s and 60s and the overall incidence of osteoporosis based on the femur and the lumbar spine was 0.8% and 6.3% for males and 0.9% and 7.1% for females. Osteoporosis knowledge was significantly correlated with BMD. Conclusions. The results of this study can be applied to provide effective and practical implementation guidelines for osteoporosis prevention program.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1987

When the men die, uniform changes progress. Many investigators have studied about the time after death, but it's very difficult to measure the time elapsed since death, particularly in highly decomposed or probably skeletonized bodies. But the teeth are very stable to the changes of physical and chemical properties and their changes are very slow. At this point of view, the author studied this theme as one of the pioneers in our country. In this study, the author observed the degree of the dentinal expansion and the crack of enamel and cementum of the teeth which had been extracted from December, 1983 to September, 1987. The teeth were extracted from the male and female who was 18 to 85 year old. The results are followed; 1. The degree of dentinal expansion increased rapidly until 7 months with high degree and then decreased slowly. 2. The equation of regression for representing x as the degree of the dentinal expansion and y as the time elapsed since death, is y = 29.43-1.13x (p<0.05) 3. The crack of the enamel surface seemed to begin at 1 year from extraction and to increase apparently before or after 20 months. 4. The crack of the cementum began at 3 months from extraction and dendrite crack began at 16 months from extraction. After this, the crack increase continuously and the rate of cracking were more rapid as compared with that of enamel. 5. It seems to be useful to measure the time elapsed since death using the degree of dentinal expansion and the crack of enamel and cementum, particularly in the old bodies after death.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2016

The goal of this work was to investigate the correlations between MyHC mRNA transcription and their corresponding protein expressions in porcine longissimus muscle (LM) during postnatal growth of pigs. Five DLY ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) crossbred pigs were selected, slaughtered and sampled at postnatal 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days, respectively. Each muscle was subjected to quantity MyHCs protein contents through an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to quantity myosin heavy-chains (MyHCs) mRNA abundances using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We calculated the proportion (%) of each MyHC to total of four MyHC for two levels, respectively. Moreover, the activities of several key energy metabolism enzymes were determined in LM. The result showed that mRNA transcription and protein expression of MyHC I, IIa, IIx and IIb in LM all presented some obvious changes with postnatal aging of pigs, especially at the early stage after birth, and their mRNA transcriptions were easy to be influenced than their protein expressions. The relative proportion of each MyHC mRNA was significantly positively related to that of its corresponding protein (p<0.01), and MyHC I mRNA proportion was positively correlated with creatine kinase (CK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities (p<0.05). These data suggested that MyHC mRNA transcription can be used to reflect MyHC expression, metabolism property and adaptive plasticity of porcine skeletal muscles, and MyHC mRNA composition could be a molecular index reflecting muscle fiber type characteristics.