• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1446-1458
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• 2013

The study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of leaf meal mixture (LMM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on feed intake, nutrient utilization and performance of sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Eighteen adult sheep of similar age and body weight ($25.03{\pm}1.52$) were included in this study and out of these, 12 sheep were infected with single dose of infective third stage larvae of H. contortus at 2,000 larvae per sheep. The experimental sheep were allocated in three different groups' i.e. negative control (NC; no infection), control (C; H. contortus infected) and treatment (T; H. contortus infected+CT at 1.5% of the DM through LMM) and the experiment was conducted for a period of 90 d. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and digestibility of DM, OM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were comparable among three animal groups. However, digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in NC group as compared to both C and T groups. Nitrogen (N) retention (g/d or % of N intake) was significantly (p = 0.038) lower in C group as compared to T and NC groups. Daily intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible organic matter (DOM) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) did not differ significantly (p<0.05) in the three groups. Haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in treatment group as compared to control. The level of Hb and PCV reduced (p<0.001) after 30 days of experimental feeding. CT significantly (p<0.001) reduced serum urea in T group as compared to NC and C groups. Serum proteins differed significantly (p<0.01) among the three groups. The activity of serum enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and LDH were also statistically non significant (p<0.05) among treatments. The weight of abomasal lymph nodes (ALN) in T group was higher (p<0.05) than in C group. Treatment group had lower (p<0.05) total worms and fecal egg count compared to control group. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation of CT through LMM significantly improved the N retention, and inhibited the different developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimental sheep.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2005

To clarify the species validity of the genus Spirometra, the biological characteristics of Spirometra erinacei and S. mansonoides by developmental stages were compared. Their experimental life cycles were maintained under the same laboratory conditions, and the biological characteristics were experimentally observed in vivo and in vitro conditions. Eggs of S. erinacei and S. mansonoides were $59.6\pm35.6{\mu}m\;and\;61.4\pm35.8{\mu}m$ in each average size. Both of them became fully matured and hatched in 8 days after incubation at $29^{\circ}C$. The coracidium of S. erinacei was $43.6\times35.8{\mu}m$ in average size, and retained a oncosphere of $39.3\times31.0{\mu}m$. That of S. mansonoides was $43.0\times36.3{\mu}m$ in average size, and retained a oncosphere of $38.3\times30.8{\mu}m$. Procercoids of S. erinacei were somewhat larger than those of S. mansonoides. Both species of procercoids older than 7 days in cyclops had minute spines at the anterior end, calcium corpuscles in the parenchyme and a cercomer at the posterior end. The procercoids older than 4 days in cyclops were infective to tadpoles. The procercoids older than 8 days revealed the infectivity to mice. Plerocercoids of S. erinacei were somewhat lager than those of S. mansonoides when they were compared by age of worms in tadpoles. Both species of plerocercoids older than 5 days were infective to mice. Among 138 plerocercoids of S. erinacei recovered from the experimental mice, $55(39.9\%)$ were detected in the neck portion, $35 (25.4\%)$ in the back portion, $25(18.1\%)$ in the anterior legs, and $23 (16.7\%)$ were found in the abdomen. In case of S. mansonoides plerocercoids, $42.0\%$ were found in the neck portion, $23.8\%$ in the back portion, $14.4\%$ in the abdomen, $13.3\%$ in the anterior legs, and $6.1\%$ were found in the posterior legs. From the above results, it was confirmed that the biological characteristics of S. erinacei and S. mansonoides are almost same when their life cycles are mainteined under the same laboratory condition. Accordingly, these findings suggest that S. erinacei and S. mansonoides may be the same species.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.6 s.102
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• pp.847-854
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• 2005

Since the propagation speed of the Internet worms is quite fast, worm detection in early propagation stage is very important for reducing the damage. Virus throttling technique, one of many early worm detection techniques, detects the Internet worm propagation by limiting the connection requests within a certain ratio.[6, 7] The typical throttling technique increases the possibility of false detection by treating destination IP addresses independently in their delay queue managements. In addition, it uses a simple decision strategy that determines a worn intrusion if the delay queue is overflown. This paper proposes a two dimensional delay queue management technique in which the sessions with the same destination IP are linked and thus a IP is not stored more than once. The virus throttling technique with the proposed delay queue management can reduce the possibility of false worm detection, compared with the typical throttling since the proposed technique never counts the number of a IP more than once when it chicks the length of delay queue. Moreover, this paper proposes a worm detection algorithm based on weighted average queue length for reducing worm detection time and the number of worm packets, without increasing the length of delay queue. Through deep experiments, it is verified that the proposed technique taking account of the length of past delay queue as well as current delay queue forecasts the worn propagation earlier than the typical iuぉ throttling techniques do.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 1998

The present study was performed to observe characteristics of the lifE history of Echinoparvphium recunpatum under both natural and laboratory conditions in Korea. A batch of Rcnix aunculnria corecna was collected from Sunamchon, one of the stream of West Naktonggang (River), in Kangso-gu, Pusan during August and September 1992. Out of 106 snails examined by crushing,52 (49.0%) were infected with larval E. recurvaum i.e. rediae, cercariae and metacercariae. Cercariae naturally shed from snails encysted in the snails of same species and loaches, but not in mud-snails. Adult worms were detected from chicks and ducks experimentally infected with metacercariae, but not from rats and mice. The average recovery rate of adults from chicks was 13.1%. Rediae were sac-like, $2.437{\;}{\times}{\;}0.317{\;}mm$ in average size, with a muscular pharynx and a brownish cecum which reached the anterior half of the body. Cercariae consisted of a spindle-shaped body ($0.262{\;}{\times}{\;}0.129{\;}mm$ in average) and a rod-like tail ($0.528{\;}{\times}{\;}0.056{\;}mm$ in average). In the cercarial body, 45 collar spines were observed on the head crown, and double rows of excretory ducts with fine granules were laterally arranged between the pharynnx and the ventral sucker. Metacercariae were spherical, $0.144{\;}{\times}{\;}0.142{\;}mm in average size, with thick hyaline outer and thin elastic inner walls, and many excretory granules. Adults were slender and more attenuated in the anterior end, $0.2760{\;}{\times}{\;}0.550{\;}mm$ in average size, and had 45 collar spines including four end group spines on both ventral corners. From the above results, it was confirmed that R. auriculnna corennc plays a pivotal role in the life cycle of 5. recuwatum as the first and/or second intermediate hosts in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1993

Intestinal mucosal mast cell (MMC) responses were studied in rats experimentally infected with Metngonimur yokogawai (Dlgenea: Heterophyidael. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were fed each 2,500 metacercariae isolated from the sweetish and sacrificed on the week 1, 2, 3 and 4 post-Infection (PI). Recovery of worms was performed from the small intestine of each rat. To visualize the MMCs, duodenal and jejunal (upper, middle and lowers) tissue sections were made and stained with alcian blue/safranine-0. The average worm recovery rates were 16.2% and 13.8% on the week 1 and week 2, respectively, but they decreased rapidly to 4.1% and 4.2% on the week 3 and week 4 PI, respectively, which indicate spontaneous worm expulsion after the week 2. The MMC number In the Infected rats was, compared with uninfected controls, significantly Increased In the whole small intestine, through the whole period of observation. The peak level of mastocytosis was observed on the week 3 PI. It is strongly suggested that MMCs might be involved In the expulsion process of flukes from the rat intestine.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2012

The egg morphology of minute intestinal flukes (MIF) that can occur as human infections in the Republic of Korea, i.e., Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Stictodora fuscata, Pygidiopsis summa, and Gymnophalloides seoi, was studied in comparison with Clonorchis sinensis. The adult worms were obtained from residents of endemic areas, and their intrauterine eggs were studied and measured using light microscopy; the length, width, length-width ratio (LWR), and Faust-Meleney index (FMI). Several specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and before gold-coating, the uterine portion of each fluke was etched with a sharp pin in order to expose the eggs. The MIF eggs were ovoid, pyriform, or elliptical with a size range of $21-35{\times}12-21{\mu}m$. S. fuscata eggs revealed the highest FMI (largest in the area) and lowest LWR, whereas P. summa eggs showed the lowest FMI and medium LWR. SEM revealed that G. seoi and S. fuscata had remarkably clean shell surface lacking the muskmelon-like structure which is prominent in C. sinensis eggs. In Metagonimus spp., H. continua, H. nocens, and S. falcatus eggs, minute surface ridges were recognizable though less prominent compared with C. sinensis. On the surface of P. summa eggs, thread-like curly structures were characteristically seen. The results revealed that important differential keys for MIF eggs include the length, width, area (FMI), shape of the eggs, and the extent of the muskmelon-like structure or ridges on their shell surface and operculum.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infections affect domestic dogs, cats, and various wild mammals with increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas. More sensitive antibody detection methodologies are required to diagnose asymptomatic dirofilariasis with low worm burdens. Applying current transcriptomic technologies would be useful to discover potential diagnostic markers for D. immitis infection. A filarial homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was initially identified by screening the assembled transcriptome of D. immitis (DiTCTP). A BLAST analysis suggested that the DiTCTP gene shared the highest similarity with TCTP from Loa loa at protein level (97%). A histidine-tagged recombinant DiTCTP protein (rDiTCTP) of 40 kDa expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed immunoreactivity with serum from a dog experimentally infected with heartworms. Localization studies illustrated the ubiquitous presence of rDiTCTP protein in the lateral hypodermal chords, dorsal hypodermal chord, muscle, intestine, and uterus in female adult worms. Further studies on D. immitis-derived TCTP are warranted to assess whether this filarial protein could be used for a diagnostic purpose.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2009

Although Anisakis type larvae have been shown to cause various injuries directly or indirectly in humans and animals, the epidemiological studies on these larval infestations are in insufficient state. The status of larval infestation was investigated in 989 fishes of 44 species, which are inhabiting around the east-westernsouth costal area of Korea during the period from March 2007 to February 2008. The Anisakis type larvae were infected approximately 38% (377 fishes) in 989 fishes. Most of the worms were identified as Anisakis simplex type I by morphological finding and 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. In the seasonal variations of infestation, most of the fishes showed higher infestation rate during spring and summer, while the fishes such as herring Clupea pallasii did during winter. From the histopathological studies of infested fishes, it has been observed that Anisakis type larvae are harbouring mainly around the intestinal viscera such as liver, pancreas, stomach, pylolic cecum, and cloaca.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1989

Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) using crude worm antigen of adult Paragonimus westermani was performed for human patients sera to identify the species-specific components. Crude antigen was obtained by homogenizing and centrifuging 24-week old adult worms at 10,000 rpm for 60 minutes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, PH 7.2) containing: Phenyl methyl sulfonyl auoride (PMSF). Gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) was performed and blotted electrophoretically onto a sheet of nitrocellulose paper. The sheet was cut into strips and exposed to sera diluted 1 : 200 with PBS. SDS-PAGE showed 26 protein bands ranging 229 to 10 kDa. Of them 229, 91, 60, 50, 35∼31, 27, 25, 21, 17, 11 and 10 kDa components showed positive reaction with serum antibody of patients with p. westermani. Sera of patients infected with Clcnorchis sinensis reacted with 35∼31, 19, and 11 kDa bands. Human sera from cysticercosis and diphyllobothriasis cases showed non-specific cross reactions with 229, 35∼31, 27, 25 and 17kDa bands. Protein bands of 91, 60, 21 and 10kDa showed strong positive reaction without cross reactions with sera from other helminthic infections.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 1989

Four females and a male nematode isolated from 2 patients who visited eye clinics In Seoul were identified as Thelazia callipaeda and their ultrastructures were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). General features of the worms were slender and attenuated at both ends. Vaginal opening was located at 0.27 mm from the anterior end, and in front of the esophagointestinal junction. In the body cuticle transverse striations varied characteristically through the body. The number of cuticular transverse striations was 400∼650/mm at head portion, 250/mm at middle portion and 300∼350/mm at tail portion. The SEM observation of the mouth part of the females showed 6 cord-like cuticular thickenings in hexagonal arrangement and an amphid was observed. A lateral line, a vaginal opening, a pair of phasmids, and an anus were identified in the body portion. A pair of papillae and 6 cord-like cuticular thickenings were on the mouth part of the male. It was difficult to observe structures at the tail of the male except wrinkle-like structures. Most of the larvae isolated from the uterus of a female worm were sheathed and thus cuticular striations were not Eren. Others were unsheathed and revealed cuticular striations. The oval membrane which encysted sheathed larvae was also observed. These are the 18th and 19th record of human thelaziasis in Korea as the literature are concerned.