• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1998

The present study was performed to check the viability of eggs, filariform larvae and adults of Strongvloines venezueLensis exposed to various conditions for an in vitro maintenance. The eggs in the feces remained viable for about 25 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 15 days at room temperature. However, the isolated eggs in sterile saline lost their viability within 24 hr at $4^{\circ}C$. The eggs in morula stage were very sensitive to air drying and rapidly lost their viability (=12 hrs. Filariform larvae survived for a maximum period of 45 days in fecal suspension and 28 days in 0.12% nutrient broth in polyvinyl culture bags maintained at $20^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, those isolated from nutrient broth cultures survived for a maximum period of 32 days in tap water and 22 days in sterile saline at $20^{\circ}C$. The mature adult worms obtained from experimentally infected rats survived maximally for 9 days in serum supplemented (10% rat-serum) 0.12% nutrient broth and 4 days in serum free nutrient broth at $37^{\circ}C$ while the culture media were changed at an alternate day. The adult female worms deposited fertile eggs in serum supplemented and serum free nutrient broth cultures, however, the hatched larvae (Ll) were not able to develop to the filariform stage in the culture media and found to die within 24 hr of maintenance. The present findings on an in vitro maintenance of different stages of 5. uenezueLetis may provide useful information for biological and biochemical studies with Strongyloines species. Key words: Strongvloides venezuelensis. viability in vitro maintenance, free-living filariform larvae (L3), embryonation of eggs

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1989

Serodiagnosis of parasitic infections is widely used, since parasites or their eggs are not always detected by ordinary methods. The sensitive tests such as ELISA are highly dependent on the purity of antigens used. To solve this problem. many workers have tried to find species-specific components of antigens, The present study was performed to determine the antigenic profile of crude saline extracts of 3, 5, 8 and 12-week old p. westermani worms, which were collected from experimentally infected cats, based on SDS-PAGE and immunoblot technique. The results were as follows: 1. The SDS-PAGE showed at least 30 Protein bands ranging from 229 kDa to 10 kDa molecular weight. The protein components of p. wsstermani changed chronologically during its developmental period. The 229 kDa band was recognized only in 12-week old worms ($$SEP_{l2}$). 2. Analysis by ELISA showed a significant increase in antibody levels at 3 weeks in infected cats using crude saline extract antigens ($SEP_3,{\;}SEP_5,{\;}SEP_8,{\;}SEP_{l2}$). 3. By EITB using $SEP_3$ and $SEP_5$ infected cats recognisea major protein bands with molecular weight of 60, 35, 28, 25 or 21 kDa at 3~12 weeks of infection, and 3 additional antigens, 19, 13 and 10 kDa, were detected at 8~12 weeks of infections. 4. Using $SEP_8$ 5 antigens, 91, 85, 31, 25 and 21 kDa, were consistently detected by all infected sera tested. In addition, 3 antigens of lg. 13 and 10 kDa were detected at 8~12 weeks of infection. Using $SEP_12$, similar results were obtained with that by using $SEP_8$ and 1 additional antigen of 229 kDa, specifically reacting with the sera from 12 weeks of in(traction, was recognized.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1997

Diagnosis of early paragonimiasis is difficult because parasitological evidence is not easily obtained. Antibody tests have been proposed as a good substitute for classical diagnostic techniques. Using the crude extracts of Parnsonimus westermnni eggs, metacercariae. 4- and 7-week Juveniles, and 16-week adults as antigens, we observed the early antibody responses. Sera were obtained from 4 experimental cats, fed 50 metacercariae each, at intervals until 13 weeks post-infection. Antibody (IgG) responses were identified by ELISA using extracts of 4-week juveniles, followed by those of 7- and 16-week worms. Antibody responses were minimal against the metacercarial extracts. Antibodies to p. westemoni egg extracts were elevated after 10 weeks post-infection. In immunoblot analysis, more than nine protein bands in 4-week juveniles reacted with the early infection sera. Antigenic proteins in adult worms were different from those of juveniles. After four weeks of infection, 32 and 35 kDa bands in the adult extracts were increasingly reactive. Egg specific proteins at 28, 46 and 94 kDa were reactive only after 10 weeks. Antigenic components reactin료 to the early infection sera changed during the maturation stages of P. westermani; almost all juvenile antigens were replaced by adult antigen components.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

The worm of Thelazia callipaeda Railliet et Henry, 1910 (The oriental eye worm) was frequently observed in the eyes of animal and human in Korea. But it did not clearly describe about the ultrastructural character on the sensory papillae and cuticular striation of the worm. This study was performed to investigate the ultrastructure and character on the cuticular surface of the worm that was extracted from the eyes of two patients in Korea University Medical Center, using the scanning electron microscopy. According to the mouth, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and tail portion of the worm, the size of cuticular striation on each portion was measured. The size of cuticular striation on the worm surface was $1.8{\mu}m$ in the mouth and tail portion, $4.0{\sim}4.5{\mu}m$ in the middle portion of the worm. On the scanning electron microscopy, the female worms were developed phasmids in the tail end and male worms were developed sensory papillae and external sexual organ on the tail end. The sensory papillae on the tail end were composed anterior ventral postcloacal papillae, middle ventral postcloacal papillae, subventral postcloacal papillae, and lateral papillae. According to the result in this study, it is considered that the character of the cuticular striation and the sensory papillae were able to accept as classifying key for the identification of species.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.7 s.349
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• pp.93-103
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• 2006

Network solutions for protecting against worm attacks that complement partial end system patch deployment is a pressing problem. In the content-based worm filtering, the challenges focus on the detection accuracy and its performance enhancement problem. We present a worm filter architecture using the bloom filter for deployment at high-speed transit points on the Internet, including firewalls and gateways. Content-based packet filtering at multi-gigabit line rates, in general, is a challenging problem due to the signature explosion problem that curtails performance. We show that for worm malware, in particular, buffer overflow worms which comprise a large segment of recent outbreaks, scalable -- accurate, cut-through, and extensible -- filtering performance is feasible. We demonstrate the efficacy of the design by implementing it on an Intel IXP network processor platform with gigabit interfaces. We benchmark the worm filter network appliance on a suite of current/past worms, showing multi-gigabit line speed filtering prowess with minimal footprint on end-to-end network performance.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1987

Tegumental ultrastructures of Echinochasmus japonicus were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The worms were recovered from albino rats which were experimentally infected with the metacercariae obtained from Pseudorasbora parva. Followings are summarized findings. 1. The worms were minute and plumpy gourdshaped with attenuated anterior and round posterior end. The tegument of whole body was wrinkled transversely and covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. 2. Head crown was armed with 24 collar spines which were embedded in cytoplasmic pockets. The spines were arranged in a row with an interruption at dorsomedian line, however, the 2nd and the 4th spines were outstretched more than others. Oral and ventral suckers were muscular with numerous type II sensory papillae, and genital pore opened between the two suckers. 3. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with broad base and pointed tip. They were compact in ventra-lateral tegument or dorsal surface of anterior body. They were not found between the two suckers and dorsal surface of posterior body. 4. Two types of sensory papillae, uni-ciliated (Type I) and roundly swollen sensory papillae (Type II), were observed. The type I papillae were chiefly distributed on ventral surface of tegument and type II were on the lips of suckers. Arrangement of collar spines, shape and distribution of tegumental spines or sensory papillae are regarded as characteristic features of E. japonicus.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2012

A survey was conducted to investigate infection of anisakid nematode larvae in 243 wild marine fishes caught from the southern coastal area of Korea between 2010 and 2012. The samples comprised fishes from 9 orders, 30 families and 50 species. Total infection rate of anisakid nematode larvae was 10.7% (26/243 fish), which comprised from Yeosu, 7.4% (7/95) in 2010 and 22.7% (5/22) in 2011; from Jeju, 8.2% (5/61) in 2011; from Wando, 40.9% (9/22) in 2012. Anisakid nematode larvae were not detected in Tongyoung and Wando samples in 2011. Molecular identification of the 89 worms from 26 fish was conducted by PCR-RFLP and/or sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. From the results, 6 kinds of anisakis species were identified: Anisakis pegreffii (infection rate: 53.9%, 48/89 worms), Hysterothylacium aduncum (38.2%, 34/89), H. fabri (3.4%, 3/89), hybird (A. simplex X A. pegreffii) (2.4%, 2/89), A. simplex (1.1%, 1/89) and Raphidascaris lophii (1.1%, 1/89). The rate of single infection was 80.8% (21/26 infected fish), while 19.2% (5/26) showed mixed infection with 2 to 3 different anisakis species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.114-117
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• 2007

The effects of faecally excreted ivermectin on the survival and growth of the common Korea earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny), have been studied in the laboratory. Cow dung was collected 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after ivermectin subcutaneous injection. The mortality of the worms provided with untreated dung was 0% whereas mortality within a week was high as 73.7%, 98.3% in dung which were excreted 1 and 2 days from dosing, respectively. The growth rate of the worms fed dung from 1 day excreted dung from cattle given ivermectin was 75% lower than that recorded on the control. In total number of hatchling earthworm in each treatment, 1 day after treatment produced the lowest compared with untreated control. However, dung from cattle treated with ivermectin did not prevented the rate of hatchling from each cocoon of earthworm. The results show that ivermectin is less toxic to $2^{nd}$ generation of earthworm. We concluded that ivermectin have adverse effects on the survival and growth of E. fetida when exposed through dung under laboratory conditions. This results will be discussed in relation to the effects of anthelmintics on non-target organism in our ecosystem.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-143
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• 2002

The treatment efficacy of oral administration of praziquantel against the blood-sucking monogenean Microcotyle sebastis under the commercial rockfish-culture conditions was evaluated. The quantity of praziquantel added to the food was calculated so that the amount of praziquantel ingested daily by fish was 200mg or 400mg/kg body weight (bw). The fish were fed a moist-pelleted fish meal supplemented with praziquantel at an rate of 0 (control), 200 or 400 mg of praziquantel per kg bw, respectively, for 3 times at an interval of 24 h. On 1 day to 8 days after the treatment, 10 fish were taken randomly from each net-pen daily (80 fish in each group in total), and the efficacy of each treatment was confirmed. Abundance of worms were significantly reduced in groups fed praziquantel-supplemented diets. The results clearly demonstrated that feeding the praziquantel-supplemented diet was effective for controlling M. sebastis infestation in practical commercial rockfish-culture systems without imposing any handling stress.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.105-108
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• 2001

The wild entomopathogenic fungi, Cordyceps militaris, were collected at the Whawang mountain, Korea. The pupae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were used as infecting hosts for the production of the silkworm-mili-taris dongchunhacho, silkworm vegetable wasps and plant worms with C. militaris. Three inoculation methods in terms of injection, spray and immersion were tested against the silkworm pupae. The three inocu1ation methods revealed 100% infectivity to the silkworm pupae tested. Of the three inoculation methods, the injection method was highly effective in the reduction of the period required for the endosclerotium and the completion of fruiting body formation. These results indicate that the silkworm pupae are very effective host insects for the production of C. militaris.