• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2013

The study examined the effect of urbanization on the water quality of Nwaorie and Otamiri Rivers in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, South-East Nigeria. Water samples were collected from Nwaorie and Otamiri Rivers from four sampling stations up and down stream. Water parameters analyzed using standard procedures were: color, turbidity, temperature, pH, total hardness, total solids, metals (Iron and magnesium), anions (nitrate and ammonia) and Fecal coliform. Results showed increased levels of coloration, iron, ammonia, turbidity and fecal coliform which exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. Increase in these parameters indicated influx of industrial effluent from the nearby industries and indiscriminate disposal of wastes at the bank of the rivers. Application of ANOVA showed various degree of variation in pollutants levels between the two rivers and at different sampling points. River Nwaorie was observed to be more impacted than River Otamiri. High values of iron observed from the study could be deleterious to human health if the river water is consumed without treatment. The study, therefore, recommended proper waste management and disposal as well as effluent treatments in Owerri municipal against pollution of surface water.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2017

Global warming affects water supply and water resources throughout the world. In many countries, climate change affects significantly on the fresh water resources. Vietnam is exposed mainly, to landslides and floods triggered by tropical storms and monsoon rains, although storm surge, whirlwind, river bank and coastal line erosion, hail rain. In addition to the prevalent drought, there are many major water challenges, including water availability, stress, scarcity and accessibility, because of poor resource management. Fast growth of urbanization, industrialization and population growth, agricultural activities and climate change cause heavy pressure on water quality. Both domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as storm water shares the same drainage. The common facilities for wastewater treatment are not available. Therefore, wastewater is treated only superficially and then discharged directly into rivers and lakes causing serious pollution of surface water environment. In this paper, we reported the severe water crisis and massive green algal blooms formation in Vietnam rivers and lakes. This is the biggest evidence of climate change variations in Vietnam.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.159-176
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• 2005

The Purpose of this Article is to analyze the special settlement and electronic settlement system in the international trade. First, Factoring is a fast, easy and flexible way to improve a company's cash flow and generate working capital for the company. Factoring can be short-term or part of an ongoing financing program. New companies can benefit as well, since there is no requirement for a long-term credit history. Second, Forfaiting is a method of trade financing that allows exporters to obtain cash and be free of all risks by selling their medium term receivables on a 'without recourse' basis. Forfaiting can be an alternative to export credit or insurance cover, especially for those transactions in which the export credit agency is not open to a particular country and/or bank. Third, The Bolero System is jointly financed by SWIFT(Society for World International Financial Telecommunications) which handles most of the electronic funds transfer for banks, and the Through Transport Mutual Assurance Association(the TT Club), a mutual insurance association most of whose members are drawn from the Multimodal transport industry or transport intermediaries. Fourth, TradeCard is a payment and settlement system that is an alternative to letters of crdeit. That is, TradeCard is a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.325-332
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• 2021

Foreign capital inflows play an essential role in each country's socio-economic growth, particularly for undeveloped and developing countries where capital accumulation is limited in the early stages of development, and Vietnam is no exception. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of foreign capital inflows on economic growth in Vietnam. The empirical method employed secondary time-series data set during the period 1995-2018 to determine the impact of FDI, foreign aid, foreign loans, and exports on economic growth in Vietnam by using a linear approach. For this study, data was collected from the World Bank and relevant agencies in Vietnam. The results show that FDI (net inflows), foreign aid, foreign loans, exports, and GDP (current), have a positive effect at a 1% significance level on economic growth. Rather, an increase in FDI (net inflows), foreign aid, foreign loans, exports has beneficial effects on the Vietnamese economy in the study period. Based on the findings of this study, the article proposes several important policy implications for Vietnam in maintaining a high rate of economic growth via the contribution of FDI inflows, foreign aid, foreign loans, and exports.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

Purpose - This research examines the effect of a foreign subsidiary on the productivity growth of a Two-way trading manufacturing firm in Korea. We explore firms engaged in both trade and FDI simultaneously to verify whether participation in GVC as a broad concept is an efficient internationalization strategy to increase the productivity of a Korean manufacturing firm. Design/methodology - Based on the firm-level data by utilizing the Survey of Business Activities from Statistics Korea, we examine the impact of vertically integrated foreign subsidiaries on the productivity of a manufacturing firm that exports and imports simultaneously. Findings - The results show that if a Two-way trading firm establishes one or more overseas subsidiaries, the total factor productivity growth increases. Moreover, the FDI effect is statistically significant when the destination country has an economically close relationship with Korea. However, these effects are disparate depending on the industrial competitiveness or market situation where the subsidiary is located. Nonetheless, the synergy effect resulting from industrial combination is represented in China and the USA only. Originality/value - As the importance of GVC has become more emphasized around the world. In spite of the scarcity of related domestic studies, we explored the effect of multinational manufacturing firms participating in GVC using firm-level data.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.561-572
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze the causality between GDP per capita, urbanization, and education. This also aims to determine the long-term and short-term relationships between economic urbanization, education, and GDP per capita by applying Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Data was obtained from the World Bank and UNDP from 1990 to 2018. The estimation results showed that economic growth and education on urbanization have the strongest causality in VECM. Therefore, they are pull factors with a significant effect in the long and the short term. Some suggestions concerning policy implications were stated, and they include: forming area-based urbanization, where cities within one area are integrated, to get the impact of an agglomeration economy. Also, the government needs to accelerate the distribution of infrastructure and public facilities in various regions to avoid population density in one area due to urbanization, and government needs to pay attention to easier access to education and more equitable ones in various regions. On the contrary, after education is evenly distributed in all regions, the government needs to pay attention to transportation access and infrastructure.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose: The study aims to analyze effects of wage on FDI inflows based on the threshold of institutional quality in 14 developing economies of Southeast and South Asia over the period from 2000-2017. Research design, data, and methodology: The study applies a fixed effect panel threshold regression. As a proxy for the institutional quality, it uses the six components of Worldwide Governance Indicators or a compound index obtained by an average of the six components. The data were taken from World Bank, the Chinn & Ito Database, and UNCTAD. To the best of our knowledge, no researches so far have considered the threshold of institutional quality in estimating the effect of wage on FDI inflows. Results: The composite index and each component of the six indicators of institutional quality except for voice and accountability, and regulatory quality are found to have nonlinear effects on FDI inflows. When the institutional quality is below the threshold, wage affects FDI inflows negatively. When the institutional quality is above the threshold, however, wage does not significantly affect FDI inflows. Conclusions: The effect of wage on FDI inflows varies depending on whether the institutional quality of the target countries is above or below the threshold.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.261-272
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• 2021

Rapid economic growth in recent years has caused a surge in energy consumption among Southeast Asian countries and laid a considerable burden on the already inadequate power infrastructure. As a result, frequent blackouts and prolonged outages have become common and weakened firm productive performance in those years. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of power infrastructure quality on the performance of Southeast Asian manufacturing firms. In this study, the World Bank Enterprise Surveys was employed as the training dataset of 4723 manufacturing firms in the period of 2015-2016. The results of this study reveal that industrial firms that suffered from power outages had consistently lower productivity. As measured by the length of such events, more severe outages tend to be more harmful to the firm. Furthermore, the findings also indicated that most firms relied on self-generated electricity to reduce the negative impact of power outages, but this does not bring many benefits when operating at a small scale in some countries. Consequently, this study contributes to a growing literature that examines the economic impact of public infrastructure and how detrimental the poor state of such services is to a firm's downstream operations, productivity, and growth.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

Purpose: This study estimates the threshold values of institutional quality through investigating the non-linear effect of six sub-indices of Worldwide Governance Indicators on FDI inflows in 34 developing countries in Asia and Eastern Europe over the period from 2000-2017. Research Design, data and methodology: GMM EGLS is employed which does not include the lagged value of the dependent variable as an independent variable. As a proxy for the institutional quality, either one of the six sub-indices of WGI from World Bank or the composite index obtained through a principal component analysis is used in a separate model. Results: An improvement in institutional quality, when the quality stays below a certain threshold level, does not increase FDI inflows, and only when the quality is above the threshold, it can positively influence FDI inflows. The threshold values of political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, and rule of law are relatively higher than those of the other dimensions of WGI. Conclusion: Institutional quality of the developing economies of Asia and Eastern Europe has a non-linear effect on FDI inflows. The target countries need to upgrade their institutional quality above the threshold in order to attract more FDIs.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2021

Purpose: This study seeks to establish the environmental damage theory applicable to Kenya. The analysis is based on annual data drawn from World Bank on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) for Kenya spanning 1963 to 2017. Research Methodology: The study adopts explanatory research design and autoregressive distributed lag model for analysis. Results: The results revealed a coefficient of -0.017 for GDPPC and 0.004 for GDPPC squared indicating that economic growth has negative effect on CO2e in the initial stages of growth but positive effect in the high growth regime with the marginal effect being higher in the initial growth regime. The findings suggest a U-shaped relationship consistent with Brundtland Curve Hypothesis (BCH). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for sustainable development path that enables present generations to meet own needs without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own. Sustainable development may include, investment in renewable energies like wind, solar and adoption of energy efficient technologies in production and manufacturing. The study concludes that BCH is applicable to Kenya and that developing affordable and effective mechanisms to boost sustainable development implementation is necessary to decrease the anthropogenic impact in the environment without any attendant reduction in the economic growth.