• 가정과삶의질연구
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.107-118
• /
• 2006

Much research has focused on the conflict and balance between work and family. Yet few studies examine how women feel in balancing these two roles. In that regard, this study examines how married working women feel balanced between work and family as well as the levels of support availability/demand that exists. The level of sense of balance regarding work-family is average. Sense of balance is related to age, income, work hours, size of workplace, numbers of family friendly policies, the family's attitude to woman's work, and the level of balancing strategies used. The demand for support is higher than the availability of support. Both factors are related to working hours and balancing strategies, etc.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 1993

These studies were conducted to: a) investigate work patterns and productivity indices, b) rate performance levels of employees and c) determine the suggested levels of personnel and labor hours for the effective labor control in school foodservice. Eighteen elementary school foodservices in Seoul were selected in order to analyze work patterns by the work sampling methodology. Allowance time and performance rating by VTR observation was done to determine the standardized labor hours. The results were as follows. The average percentage of each work function of the total work functions such as direct work function, indirect work function and delay were 65.57%, 8.12%, 26.31% respectively. The productivity index is 0.92 min/meal. The average working and delay hours per week of the foodservice director, foodservice employees and supply person were 33.64 hours, 23.25 hours, 38.52 hours respectively. The percentage of delay hours of total labor hours for foodservice employees and supply person were 42.27% and 24.0%. The standardized work hours and the appropriate levels of foodservice employees of 17 elementary school foodservices were examined: The average rating of the foodservice employees work was 1.19 and British Insulated Calendarer Cables (BICC) allowance rate was 19.40% on the average. The total work hours of foodservice employees were 172.64 hours per week and levels of personnel were 4.53 persons. BICC allowance rate was applied: The standardized work hours per week was 180.95 hours and appropriate levels of personnel were 4.11 persons based on legal 44 working hours.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.235-251
• /
• 2005

항공운송산업의 선진극인 독일에서는 1994년 새로 제정된 근로시간법(Arbeitszeitgesetz)에서 통상 8시간을 1일 최대근로시간으로 규정하여 1주일간 근로시간을 48시간으로 규정하는 한편, 6개월 또는 24주 이내의 기간을 기준으로 1일 평균 8시간을 넘지 않는 범위 내에서 1일 8시간을 초과하여 10시간까지 근로시키는 것을 가능하게 함으로써 변형근로시간제를 채택할 경우 특정 주의 근로시간을 최대 60시간까지 가능하게 하고 있다. 그리고, 근로시간법에서는 1일 근로의 종료에서 다음 근로의 개시까지는 최소 11시간의 휴식시간을 부여하도록 함으로써 근로자가 1일 동안 사용자의 지휘하에 놓이는 시간의 상한을 13시간으로 제한하는 독특한 입법형식을 취하고 있다. 한편, 근로시간법 제5조, 제7조, 제14조, 그리고 제15조에서는 항공기승무원등과 같이 특수한 형태의 근로를 하는 직종에 대해서는 일반원칙의 적용을 배제하는 예외조항을 두고 있으며, 점포영업시간법에서도 특정한 경우에 대해서는 동법의 적용을 배제하는 예외조항을 두고 있다. 이라한 예외규정에 따라 제정된 행정명령인 항공운송사업자에 관한 2차 볍규명령(2.DV LuftBO)에서는 개별 항공기승무원의 블록시간, 비행근무시간, 휴식시간 등에 대해 자세한 제한규정을 설정하고 있다. 특히, 다른 나라에서는 찾아보기 어려운 시차를 고려한 휴식시간 부여기준 연장이라든가 최대비행근로시간을 1일 20시간까지 가능하도록 직접 규정하고 있는 것은 항공기승무원의 건강을 유지할 수 있도록 함으로써 항공안전을 확보하는 한편, 항공운송산업의 현실을 정확히 반영하고 있다. 독일의 이러한 입법방식은 항공기승무원들의 근로시간 및 휴식시간에 대해 근로기준법과 항공법에서 각각 규정함으로써, 일반 업종 근로자들에게 적용되는 근로기준법의 규정과 항공기승무원들의 근로특정을 고려한 항공법의 규정을 중첩적으로 준수하여야 함으로 인해 각종 문제점을 노정하고 있는 우리나라도 참고하고 도입할만한 우수한 입법으로 판단된다. 아울러 향후 제정될 JAR 부속서 Q에도 반영되어 유럽국가 모두에 적용되어야 할 우수한 제도이다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 공동학술발표회
• /
• pp.8-8
• /
• 2017

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.361-375
• /
• 2018

This study recognizes the changes of the father's role and the importance of family mealtimes as well as examines the individual, family and social contexts surrounding the father's family mealtime. This study analyzed the trend of the father's family mealtime frequency and factors affecting them in order to explore the current conditions of their father's work and family balance through family mealtimes. Data from 492 fathers who have school aged children were collected through an online survey. The overall trend of the frequency of father's family meals showed an average of 2.4 breakfasts and an average of 3.2 dinners per week. The frequency of the father's family meals showed statistically significant differences according to the father's age, children's school age, dual income, weekly working hours, working flexibility, leaving on-time and the priority of work and family. The analysis of hierarchical linear regressions was conducted to determine factors affecting the frequency of father's family mealtime to show that the frequency of father's family mealtime was best explained by father's working conditions and perception variables. Working conditions such as working hours, leaving work on time, working flexibility were significant variables in regards to the father's family mealtime frequency. The father's perception towards parental efficacy, wife's support, and work-family priority were significant factors in regards to the father's family mealtime frequency. This study is meaningful in that it provides basic data on policy making for the compatibility of the father's work and family.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discover the influence of the working conditions on women workers' occupational stress. Methods: Descriptive method is used to identify women's stress depending on their general working features and conditions by conducting a survey of them in women-dominated service industries. SPSS 18.0 program is used for data analysis and descriptive statistics is presented with standard deviation, frequency and percentage. ${\chi}^2$-test is used as an analysis tool. To figure out factors that influence their stress, logistic regression analysis is used for general features and working conditions as independent variables, and occupational stress as a dependent variable. Results: As a result, among the independent variables, employment status, weekly working hours, career, shiftwork, and work-family-balance are meaningful factors that influence their stress. Temporary workers' stress is 3.65 times higher (p<.001), and workers working over 48 hours a week have 1.97 times higher stress (p<.003). Workers with over 5 years' career are under 1.73 times higher stress (p<.046) and shift workers are under 3.51 times higher stress (p<.001). Work family balance results in 1.93 times higher stress (p<.009). Conclusion: It is necessary to seek how to prevent and manage women workers' stress considering features.

• 보건의료산업학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.191-204
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data necessary for improvement by closely examining factors of having influence upon dental technicians' turnover. Questionnaire survey was conducted of 204 dental technicians who work at dental hospitals, clinics and dental laboratory rooms in Daegu area. The following conclusions were obtained. The satisfaction with job was high in job position in more than co-representative, in the whole and other task, and in less than 9 hours as for working hours. In the satisfaction with working environment, dissatisfaction was high in women, in the working career with 7~9 years, in chief level as for the job position in charge, in being responsible for porcelain in case of the duty field, and in more than 10 people as for the number of employees. The higher satisfaction with job satisfaction and working environment led to the lower turnover intention. Turnover intention was low in case of having ventilation fan & dust collector desk and in case of being well ventilated inside the workshop. As the above results, it is considered to be necessary for arranging institutional device of protecting dental technicians' health and reducing turnover through improving working environment such as forming comfortable environment of using the dust-collecting facilities and the ventilation facilities, wearing suitable individual protective gear and arranging the rest space.

• 대한인간공학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present conditions of the night work and shift work systems in the heavy chemical industrial complexes found in Changwon, Masan, and Chinhae. Korea. We will attempt to define and classify their problems; and to discover further ways to improve their systems. Fifty production factories were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. The shift systems were classified into five categories. The consecutive night shifts were long in almost all cases with 6 days (36 factories) and 7 days (13 factories). It was found that the night work of about] 2 hours continues for a long period in the weekly rotation full-day shift systems and the night-including non-full-day shift systems, and there was no holiday during a shift cycle in the continuous full-day shift systems. The work time in most shift systems was longer than the 44-hours/week permitted by Korean law. Considering the characteristics of these various types of shift systems, the most essential thing to reduce the shift workers' work load may be to shorten their working hours and improve the schedule of shift systems. It is highly recommended as a fundamental solution. to reduce the portal-to-portal hours from 12 to 8 in the night-including non-full-day shift systems and the weekly rotation full-day shift systems, and at least to employ a 4-team 3-shift system in the continuous full-day shift systems. In addition to this, it should from now on be taken as a goal to restructure the types of shift systems by taking such measures as avoiding continuous night work if possible, providing sufficient off-duty intervals both before and after night shift, providing increased opportunities for workers to nap during night work. and increasing the number of holidays.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2015

Background: The type of payment is one of the important factors that has an effect on the health of employees, as a basic working condition. In the conventional research field of occupational safety and health, only the physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors are treated as the main hazardous factors. Managerial factors and basic working conditions such as working hours and the type of payment are neglected. This paper aimed to investigate the association of the type of payment and the exposure to the various hazardous factors as an heuristic study. Methods: The third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2011 was used for this study. Among the total sample of 50,032 economically active persons, 34,788 employees were considered for analysis. This study examined the relation between the three types of payment such as basic fixed salary and wage, piece rate, and extra payment for bad and dangerous working conditions and exposure to hazardous factors like vibration, noise, temperature, chemical contact, and working at very high speeds. Multivariate regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the type of payment on working hours exposed to hazards. Results: The result showed that the proportion of employees with a basic fixed salary was 94.5%, the proportion with piece rates was 38.6%, and the proportion who received extra payment for hazardous working conditions was 11.7%. Conclusion: The piece rate was associated with exposure to working with tight deadlines and stressful jobs. This study had some limitations because KWCS was a cross-sectional survey.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.147-159
• /
• 1998

Given the dramatic increase in the percentage of married women working in clercial occupations and the inflexibility of work commitments for employees working in this domain, this paper investigates the division of household labor between married female clerical workers and their husbands, and their sources of external help. The total housework time of couples, the percent of total housework done by husbands, and a scale measuring the wife’s perception of the frequency with which her husband does specific household tasks are all used to measure the division of household labor between couples. Data for 143 couples were gathered from using structured questionares and the time dairies that included one weekday and one weekend day. The findings of this study are as follows; 1) The couples receive substantial support in housework from their mothers. 2) Wives spend an average of 23 hours and 26 minutes per week on household labor, whereas husbands spend an average 7 hours and 7 minutes per week. Husbands do an average of 20.9% of all housework done by the couples. Wives typically perceive that their husbands are not frequently participating in a variety of household tasks(mean = 2.88 on a 5-point Likert scale where 1=never and 5=always). 3) Multivariate analysis reveal that working hours is negatively related to while the presence of child under 6 years old is positively related to total housework. Time availability variables(e.g. working hours and the presence of child under 6 years old) and relative resource variables(e.g. the rate of wife’s income on that of husband) are related to the percent of total housework done by husbands. The sex-role attitude variables are related to the wife’s perceptions of the frequency with which her husband does specific household tasks.