• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.207-223
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• 1995

This survey was carried out to investigate the correlationship between the nutrition knowledge scores and food habit of the mothers and food preference and other factors of the 272 elementary school children in Masan. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Children's most favorite food was fruits, but they dislike spicy vegetables and some fermented foods. Preferences of the male children to food groups such as protein, calcium and carbohydrate were significantly higher than those of the female children. 2. The rate of the children who take between-meal snacks 2 o 3 times a day was high and those children who skip breakfast take snacks more often. They prefer to eat fruits, dairy products and cakes as their snacks. The body weight of the children who take snacks more frequently was rather lower. 3. As the mother's nutrition knowledge scores rise, so do those of food habit scores. The nutrition knowledge scores go up according to the education degree of the mothers, but the food habit scores seem to have little to do with their education degree. The nutrition knowledge scores of the working mothers were lower than those of the non-working mothers. 4. There was strong positive correlation between the food preference on the food group and those on the other food groups of the children. As the food habit scores of the mothers rise, the children prefer to take calcium and carbohydrate group. Those who take more fat showed higher body weight.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.41-52
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• 2012

The purpose of the current study is to examine the role of mothers' personality traits in predicting their parenting stress. The study subjects were married working woman who live at Gyeonggi-do and has their first child studying in elementary, middle, or high school. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS WIN 18.0 program. The results were as follows.: First, it has been shown through examination of the general tendency of observation subjects' relative factor, that many have above average parenting stress. The compositing factor for parenting stress were mainly the burden and distress of the parent role. Second, the differences in parenting stress were affected by relative variables in accordance with the general features of the study object. If the younger the parent, the higher the education, the lower the age of the first child, and if there were a child assistant after school, the parenting stress became larger. Third, after controlling for demographic characteristics, employed mothers' neuroticism significantly predicted greater parenting stress. When mothers had more conscientiousness and openness, they reported less parenting stress which implied that interpretation and perception of child rearing experiences can vary depending on personality and predict parenting stress of working mothers.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2022

This study analyzed 2019 time survey data from the National Statistical Office to examine the childcare behaviors of fathers with preschool children and their determinants, considering types of care and working/nonworking days. The main results of this study are as follows. First, paternal childcare time of nonworking days was three times more than that of working days, and the participation rate was also higher on nonworking days. Second, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent on primary care and developmental care by fathers, whether from dual- or single-income families. Third, it seems that fathers adjust their participation in childcare between working days and nonworking days in consideration of the mother's time availability. Fourth, the variables related to childcare needs had a significant influence on paternal childcare time on both working and nonworking days. Fathers' developmental care time was not explained by the independent variables entered into the regression analysis. As a result of the study, it is necessary to reduce fathers' working hours and increase family-friendly systems to increase fathers' participation in childrearing. Fathers' perception of parental responsibility must also be changed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.389-409
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• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the differences between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of postpartum women during the early postpartum period. The goal of this study was to obtain needed to develope the nursing quality for postpartum women. The subjects were 87 postpartum women who had vaginal delivery at 2 general hospital and 2 maternity hospital in the Ulsan City. The period for the data collection was from June 1 to 29, 1999. The data was gathered using an 98 items questionnaire which was a modified version of a questionnaire the developed by Y. J. Chun. Results found are as follows : 1. The general characteristics of the subjects : The majority of subjects were 25-29 yrs. (57.5%), high school and college graduates(96.5%), unemployed(75.9%), middle ranged economics(93.1%), had no religion(43.7%), male baby(52.9%), birth weight 3-3.5Kg(49.4%), wanted pregnancy(96.6%), no abortion history(50.6%), had antenatal care(89.7%), had prenatal education(32.2%), postnatal education(42.5%), intended breast feeding (46.0%), had resonable self confidence about self(20.7%), infant care(36.8%) and nuclear family pattern(82.3%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care(3.93) and the levels of satisfaction(3.86) was relatively high. The nursing needs by category of nursing care, the highest need was in the emotional and psychological care(4.09), and the lowest need was in physical need(3.73). The satisfactions by category of nursing care, the highest satisfaction was in emotional and psychological care(4.11) and the lowest satisfaction was in education in self care(3.64). The significant differences between nursing needs and satisfactions were found on education in infant care(p=.005), and education in self care(p=.020). 3. Among items of physical care, 'accurate medication and treatment(4.21)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.13)', 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound (4.12)' and 'regular observation of postpartum conditions(4.09)' showed high nursing needs. 'Accurate medication and treatment(4.31)', 'regular observation of postpartum condition(4.24)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.22)' and 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound(4.12)' showed high satisfaction levels. 4. Among items of emotional and psychological care, 'personal treatment(4.32)', kind and faithful care(4.30)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.25)', 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.23)' and detailed explanation on a doubt(4.13)', showed high nursing needs, 'personal treatment(4.52)', 'kind and faithful care(4.45)', 'detailed explanation on a doubt(4.24)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.21)' and 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant except item of 'early contacts with their baby and breast feeding'. 5. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction were on the items of 'neat bedding and clothes(4.05, 4.21)' and 'room cleansing or care of room(4.01, 4.28)'. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'room cleansing of care of room'. 6. Among items of educational needs on self care, 'sitz bath method(4.22)', 'high risk symptoms to immediate clinic visits(4.13)', 'the timing of tub bath(4.05)' and 'good secretion of breast milk(4.03)', showed high nursing needs, 'sitz bath method(4.22)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'the timing of hair shampoo', 'the timing of tub bath', ' the method of pad change', 'postpartum exercise', 'good secretion of breast milk', 'maintenance of breast figure', 'contraindicated drugs in postpartum women', 'kegel exercise' and 'breast self examination'. 7. Among items of educational needs on infant care, 'immunization of infants(4.36)', 'symptoms of sickness to immediate clinic visits(4.28)'. 'safety and emergency care(4.28)', 'umbilical care(4.26)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.24)', 'normal growth and development of infant(4.24)' and 'infection control(4.22)', showed high level of nursing care, 'immunization of infants(4.21)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.17)', were high satisfaction items showed significant differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction. 8. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among postpartum women were as follows : 1) Physical area : There were no significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mothers', 'baby's weights', 'baby's sex', 'planning of feeding' and 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 2) Emotional and psychological area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different in the area of 'confidence in self care'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'baby's weights', 'the confidence of infant care' and 'working mother'. 3) Environment area : There were on significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'maternal age' and 'baby's weights'. 4) Education in self care : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history' and 'type of family formation'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mother', 'baby's sex', 'antenatal care', 'postpartum education', 'planning of feeding', 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 5) Education in infant care area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'receiving postpartum education or not' and 'working mother'.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.99-113
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the social image and the external image of a Korean woman in 1970s and find out that the make-up can provide an important clue to examine the image of a woman in a given period. The research scope covered 10 top news of the daily newspapers and articles of women's magazines. A focus was made to an analysis on words and photos from them. The relationship of each image scale was examined by comparing the linguistic image scale and the visual image scale. The results were as follows : First, a frugal and tidy image. It was the look of our tidy, simple, traditional and classic woman. Second, an image of a cute and pure lady of refined manners. In 1970s, women were supposed to be 'a loving wife', a cultured female image with a faithful role of a 'wise mother' and a lady of refined manners as the best value. Third, a frivolous and decadent image. Double-faced image of a woman which included the women, who had to live as the lady of refined manners during the daytime and seductive woman during the night. Fourth, an image of a contemporary working woman. It was the image as a chic, confident and dignified working woman requested by the society of the times. Namely, it can be understood that women had a make-up of a soft and gorgeous tone as an expression of a will to keep a confident and female aspect in the course of working in the society by the women experiencing 1970s, the turbulent period. Consequently, it is possible to understand that the make-up was utilized as a means to express an ideal beauty of the time pursuant to the historical background or feature.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.355-370
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of work-family compatibility in the everyday experiences of dual-earner families. By comprehensively describing how dual-earner families manage daily life, this study shows their current situations. In particular, this study overcomes the limitations of previous studies using the phenomenological research methods. Previous studies partially dealt with the problems of dual-earner couples, such as the role conflict of wives and husbands. However, this study broadly demonstrates how wives and husbands as independent individuals manage their lives by working together for a living. Participants were 6 males and 6 females, who lived in Gwangju metropolitan city. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using the method of Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen in Moustakas (1994). The results of this study display that dual-earner couples work for a living, but work is the driving force in their life. Family provides dual-earner couples with a stable life, but their stable life is possible by social support like the assistance of a mother-in-law. Dual-earner couples consider work and family as the essential axis of life, thus they give the same value on work and family. Even though dual-earner couples have a difficult time educating their children because of long working hours and coming home late, they positively combine work and family meeting the needs of self-improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to create a working environment that provides enough time for housework and childcare.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

Subjects were 78 12- to 35- month old infants, their mothers, and their teachers. Instruments included the Revised Toddler Temperament Questionnaire(Y. H. Choi 1990) and the Assessment Profile for Early Childhood Programs(M. K. Hong 1997; S. K. Kim 1999). There was no significant difference in perceptions of infant temperament between mothers and teachers. Infant-mother interaction differed by infant temperament in that mothers had high scores with easy infants but low scores with difficult children. On the other hand teachers maintained high interactions with difficult infants in the case of infant's rhythmicity. Infant-teacher interaction correlated with such teacher variables as teacher-infant ratio, teachers' academic backgrounds and working hours.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

This study was aimed at exploring gender differences in time use and time famine between single-parent families. Data were obtained from the time use surveys, that were conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office in 2014. A total of 500 time diaries (168 from fathers, 332 from mothers) from single-parents aged between 20 and 59 were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test were used for the statistical analyses. Results indicated that the single-parent families exhibit gender differences in time use and subjective time famine. The single-mothers spend a significantly longer amount of time on housework and less time on leisure than do the single-fathers. The single fathers and mothers also differ in time use and time famine according to employment status and working days on/off.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.6 s.78
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• pp.167-178
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate various assects of late parenthood among Korean parents, including motivation, emotional response, advantages and disadvantages of late parenthood, intimacy, and effects on child. Subjects were IS mothers who gave birth after 35 years old for both mother and father. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire and an in-depth interview. The most significant reason for late parenthood was found to be a son preference. brothers of the only could expressed very special emotional responses toward the child, compared to those who gave a birth to the second or the third child after 35. Respondents identified advantages and disadvantages of late parenthood in terms of child rare attitudes, maturity, financial conditions, and physical strength. However, most of the respondents would not recommend late parenthood to others. Directions for future research were given in terms of subjects of study, such as parents from rural area, working class, and wide range of ages.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.168-178
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• 2023

Purpose: This study explored obstetric and neonatal nurses' nursing experience of pregnancy and childbirth in unmarried mothers. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 nurses working in obstetrics, gynecology, and neonatal departments in Seoul and Busan. The collected data were examined using qualitative content analysis. Results: A total of four categories and ten themes were derived. The four categories were "Feelings toward unmarried mothers," "Difficulties faced when caring for unmarried mothers", "Nursing moving forward together", and "Strategies to improve care for unmarried mothers". Conclusion: To ensure that nurses can provide sufficient positive support and care when caring for unmarried mothers, healthcare workers must be provided with adequate education to improve their awareness and the services for unmarried mothers; in addition, interventions are needed to alleviate negative experiences and emotions when dealing with unmarried mothers.