• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.481-486
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• 2007

In large area scanning with a micro-electron-column, the operating condition for the best resolution was investigated in factors of working distance and field of view. The resolution of a test sample was dependent on electron beam energy and scanning field size. The best resolution with single deflector was obtained at 300 V and 30 mm in the electron emitting tip voltage and a working distance, respectively. The scanning area at that condition was $13.9{\times}13.9mm^2$, linearly increased with the working distance. Double deflector was employed for larger scanning size without increasing working distance, but showed only 1.7 times larger than that of single deflector, and the resolution was inverse proportional to the scanning size.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identity the probability of cross-contamination from the environment. For this, we examined foodservices at 20 universities/colleges for microbiological analysis of their working facilities and environment as well as their preventive equipment against cross-contamination. Seventy percent of the 20 foodservices were found to maintain one unified working area, which suggests high probability of contamination of food/utensils/equipment in the cooking area by pre-preparation or dish washing. According to the microbiological analysis, the hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the clean zone was 70%, which was higher than the average 45% hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the contamination operating zone. There was a significant difference in the total plate count (P<0.001) and coliform count (P<0.01), which demonstrates that work tables in the clean zone were in a good state compared to those in the contamination operating zone. In the contamination operating zone, refrigerator shelves had a high probability of cross-contamination. Regarding the floor surface and airborne microbes, cooking areas which should be maintained as clean zones had higher cross-contamination probability than those in the contamination operating zone. So corrective actions such as cleaning and sanitizing, keeping dry floors, lowered temperature and humidity, shoe disinfecting facilities, and checking concentrations, are necessary to manage floor surfaces and airborne microbes in the cooking area.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.589-597
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• 2010

The indoor noise of the naval vessel is very important considering hearing protection, improvement of working environment and easily communication between crews. When the environment of the naval vessel suffering from the noise is considered, it is very important to be quiet in the living area where the crews have a rest sufficiently. In addition, the noise of the working area should be reduced in order to increase working efficiency. Therefore, in this research, the satisfactions about the indoor noise are survey for crews working in a naval vessel. Through this survey, the relationship between the indoor noise and crew's satisfaction about it can be found. As a result, the limit of sound pressure level which almost all crew can be satisfied with the indoor noise about their living and working area is suggested base on the survey in this research.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.668-676
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to investigate the satisfaction of working uniform in Nuclear Power Plant and to suggest the improvement of dissatisfaction. 150 workers in control area of Nuclear Power Plant were participated in survey and 30 questionnaires were asked and subjective description was allowed. 65%/35% Poly/Rayon coverall type working uniform was investigated for this survey which had been wearing usually and basically in control area in Nuclear Power Plant. According to the results, respondents were most highly dissatisfied with the wearing convenience aspect of current coverall among any other aspects, like textile and management. In wearing convenience aspects, wrist and ankle opening band system, the design, number and placement of pocket, waist belt design, the width of sleeve and pants, and ADR opening system were dissatisfied and requested for improvement. In textiles aspects, weight, protection from radiation materials, prevention from static electricity, moisture absorption, ventilation and flexibility/elasticity were dissatisfied and requested for improvement. In management aspect, washing uniform and size variation were dissatisfied and requested for improvement. Therefore, for more comfortable human interfaced working uniform, wearing convenience system as well as textile and management system must be compensated and should be newly developed for improving worker comfort, mobility, and productivity.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.229-239
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• 2014

Objective: This research provides a guideline for working area design in the electronic industry, considering gender differences of physical characteristics. Background: Co-work in the electronic industry requires workers of various physical properties to work cohesively in the conveyor line for mass production. This stresses the need for a worker-centered design of the workplace convenient for all the workers. Method: In this research, the $6^{th}$ Size Korea (National Anthropometric Survey in Korea) report is referred to obtain the design measurements according to age and gender varieties. This information is used to provide the working area guideline concerning conveyor line workers of both genders aged 20 to 40. Results: Physical properties of workers and workplace design principles were obtained for application in the assembly, inspection, and material handling process in the electronic industry. Conclusion: Applying ergonomic design principles can provide safe and comfortable workplace for both genders. Application: This research can be fundamentally used in designing worker-centered workplaces.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2010

Objective : The objective of this study was to survey the job satisfaction and turnover intention of 119 emergency medical technicians who are fire fighters and, at the same time, provide emergency patients with first aid, to examine the correlation between their job satisfaction and turnover intention, and to provide basic materials for the human resource management of 119 emergency medical technicians. Method : The survey was conducted with 152 119 emergency medical technicians working at fire stations in an area of Gyeonggi-do during the period from July 15 to September 14, 2009. Job satisfaction was measured with a tool developed by Kim Sun-sim and Kwon Hye-ran (2002) based on the Index of Work Satisfaction, and turnover intention with the tool developed by Becker (2002) and translated and used by Cho Yeong-sook (2002). The questionnaire was composed of 11 questions on general characteristics, 35 on job satisfaction, and 4 on turnover intention, so a total of 50 questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.922$ for job satisfaction and Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.854$ for turnover intention. Using SPSS 14.0, we obtained frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, and performed independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results : 1) The mean score of the 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was 2.71, and that of their turnover intention was 2.64. By area of job satisfaction, the mean score was 3.44 for the area of job itself, 2.92 for the interaction area, 2.67 for the organizational demand area, 2.64 for the autonomy area, 2.14 for the wage area, and 1.91 for the working condition area, showing that emergency medical technicians were generally satisfied with their job itself but not with their working condition. 2) As to difference according to the 119 emergency medical technicians' general characteristics, statistically significant difference was observed in job satisfaction according to license type (F = 4.729, p < .010), and in turnover intention according to position (F = 3.768, p < .025). 3) The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction and turnover intention was in a negative correlation with each other (r = -.44, p < .000) in general, and by the sub-areas of job satisfaction, the correlation with turnover intention was high in order of the autonomy area (r = -.42, p = .000), interaction area (r = -.42, p = .000), job itself (r = -.35, p < .000), organizational demand area (r = -.30, p = .000), wage area (r = -.23, p = .000), and working condition area (r = -.21, p = .008). Conclusion : The 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction showed a negative correlation with their turnover intention. This suggests that turnover intention can be reduced by improving job satisfaction. Furthermore, 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction was high with the job itself, showing their high pride in their job, but was low with working condition and wage. Thus, it is necessary to enhance their job satisfaction by improving the 24-hour work system through supplementing manpower, compensating for overtime works, adjusting work hours per week, etc. These results are expected to be useful in making human resource management plans to lower turnover intention by enhancing 119 emergency medical technicians' job satisfaction.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.109-120
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of role stress perceived by employed housewives working in sales departments, and further, to devise coping strategies that can help reduce stress resulting from their multiple roles The sample of this study consisted of married women who were working in sales departments, who have at least one child, and who live in the greater Seoul metropolitan area. A total of 343 out of 450 originally distributed questionnaires were used for the analysis in this study. The findings of the study are: 1 The housewives in sales departments felt stress most severely in their role as a mother. Next were the roles as a wife, housewife, daughter, daughter-in-law, and working woman, in that order. 2. It appeared that age and the motive for employment affected the overall level of role stress among housewives. The two variables (age and the motive for employment) explained about 23% of the variance. The younger they were the higher was the level of role stress. Also, if they were working for an economic reason (to support the family), they tended to be more stressed out. The results of this study could be utilized as baseline data for policy-making, consultation, and development of educational programs for housewives working in sales departments, an area that has hardly been explored.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.266-277
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• 2003

In order to investigate the working conditions related to cumulative trauma disorder(CTD) and symptoms of CTD, a survey was conducted covering 305 employees who were working in three furniture manufacturing companies in Kyungin area. Data were collected by using questionnaire of the Personal Ergonomics Profiles. The results were as follows : 1. The mean score of working conditions related to CTD was 0.95. The mean score of working conditions for labor workers were significantly higher than that of clerical workers. Among 4 factors of working conditions, the higher score were shown in the working and environment factors with 1.22 and 1.18, respectively. 2. Symptom prevalence rate of CTD for workers was $81.0\%\;{;}\;82.9\%$ for labor workers and $77.0\%$ for clerical workers. As for symptom of CTD in body part, higher rate were shown in lower back with $50.2\%$, shoulder and neck with $38.4\%\;and\;36.4\%$ respectively. 3. The score of symptom severity of CTD were 3.45. Significant difference was shown in symptom severity of forearm and wrist/hand part between labor and clerical workers. As for symptom severity of CTD in body part the higher score were shown in shoulder, ankle/foot, forearm. lower leg and elbow. and the highest score for labor workers were shoulder and ankle/foot and for clerical workers was lower back. 4. As a whole, symptom of CTD for workers positively correlated to working conditions. 5. Symptom of CTD for workers seemed to be significantly influenced by working factor, sex, working duration and working area factor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 1999

This study was conducted to get forest scenic beauty management information toward forest working systems; characteristics in Larix forest stands. 35 different alternatives were simulated to visualize on basis of actual forest working methods. The options were illustrated as photos produced by computer software. Each alternatives were evaluated by 3 groups with total 593 respondents after reliability test. Visual preference evaluation was used 1 - 10 point rating scale. The ratings were scaled using SBE analysis program of RMRATE. To compare the relationship of visual preference and image scale, Spatial images of 13 thinning alternatives were measured by Semantic differential scale. In general, the respondents preferred refreshing and ordering forest stand after forest working to natural forest stand before forest working. Visual preference decreased with the increasing intensity of bare ground area and slash area in forest stand. And also, visual preference was high related to tree density, clear length of stem, and ground vegetation. Farm line of small clear cutting area was preferred straight line to curve line. Visual preferences were significant differences in certain socioeconomic variables of the respondents. Results indicate how to conduct forest working system for forest scenic beauty management.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the apical transportation and working length change in curved root canals created in resin blocks, using 3 geometrically different types of Ni-Ti files, K3, NRT, and Profile. Materials and Methods: The curvature of 30 resin blocks was measured by Schneider technique and each groups of Ni-Ti files were allocated with 10 resin blocks at random. The canals were shaped with Ni-Ti files by Crown-down technique. It was analyzed by Double radiograph superimposition method (Backman CA 1992), and for the accuracy and consistency, specially designed jig, digital X-ray, and CAD/CAM software for measurement of apical transportation were used. The amount of apical transportation was measured at 0, 1, 3, 5 mm from 'apical foramen - 0.5 mm' area, and the alteration of the working length before and after canal shaping was also measured. For statistics, Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis was used. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in the amount of working length change and apical transportation at 0, 1, and 3 mm area (p = 0.027), however, the amount of apical transportation at 5 mm area showed significant difference between K3 and Profile system (p = 0.924). Conclusions: As a result of this study, the 3 geometrically different Ni-Ti files showed no significant difference in apical transportation and working length change and maintained the original root canal shape.