• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. Methods: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. Results: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 ㎍/m³ for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 ㎍/m³ for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 ㎍/m³ for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 ㎍/m³ for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 ㎍/m³ for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 ㎍/m³ for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. Conclusions: The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.374-380
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• 2021

Band Wittgenstein is a relatively band-shaped team since Shin Hae-Chul's previous big band "Next." The album, which features Shin Hae-Chul's unique lyrics and specific concepts, is also similar to the Next albums. However, there is a difference in sounds used on the album that are properly fused sampling based work and computer music. This album is a low-budget home recording album produced at a total cost of 3 million won. Shin Hae-Chul was in charge of the main vocals and programming, and all of the works were done together by the band members. In this album, Shin Hae-Chul focused on teamwork rather than producing his own music. The low budget could have been a constraint on music production, but it must be highly appreciated for it being a novel attempt. Musicians who create music always create conflicts between their favorite music and popular ones. However, without creative efforts, there is no evolution or development in the music industry. It is clear that constant changes can continue to develop musical ability, which leads to the development of Korean pop music.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.389-402
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• 2022

The purpose of the study is to analyze the significant impacts of expectations, performance, complaints, and fairness that affect consumer satisfaction. The methodology involves reviewing and referencing relevant literature carefully, then proposing a model for customer satisfaction. This study is empirically based on a survey with 50 respondents who work in the field of import and export in the region stretching from the north to the south of Vietnam. The sampling method used in this study is the in-depth interview method. The results show that: (1) expectation has a specific impact on customer satisfaction, (2) performance has a positive impact on customer satisfaction, and (3) complaint which is an intermediary factor between expectation, performance, and fairness has an impact on satisfaction, (4) fairness has a positive effect on satisfaction, in addition, fairness is an extremely important feature when customers choose an import-export service. Research implies that increasing expectations, performance, and fairness results in an improved customer experience and satisfaction when they use the service. It is suggested that the complaint factor continue to be studied and looked into because it still has some effect on satisfaction and is an intermediate variable that changes how the other factors relate to each other.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2022

Background: The public now imposes higher demands on the government than in the past, which has created the role overload faced by low-ranking government employees in China. This research investigates the relationship between role overload and health among low-ranking government employees and explores the mediating effects of burnout. Methods: It draws on a survey of 2064 low-ranking government employees by probability proportionate to size sampling in China's Shandong Province. Structural equation modeling (SEM) methods are used to analyze the data. Results: Both role overload and burnout were found to have negative effects on low-ranking government employees' health; however, the associations varied among the three age groups (less than 36, between 36 and 45, and over 45). Those over 45 reported the highest level of both physical and psychological health, while the youngest age group (less than 36) reported the lowest level of health. Role overload has a direct influence on health among government employees over 45 but not among those below 45. Burnout's mediating effects between role overload and health are significant among all age groups, but most significant among the youngest civil servants below 36. Conclusions: The findings evidenced that both role overload and burnout affect low-ranking government employees' self-reported physical and psychological health. In addition, the effect of age differences in coping with role stressors and burnout should be considered.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2022

The pilot's role is absolutely critical to the safety of an airline. It can be predicted that there is a difference in the acquisition of pilot competency required in actual flight at the initial flight training stage. In this study, the progress and effects of education and training for each background are analyzed, and differentiated competency-based training is to be studied. By sampling a sample of civil airline pilots, we are trying to determine whether there is a difference in the results of the regular proficiency check among the eight competencies defined by ICAO according to military and civil backgrounds. Accordingly, an independent t-test was conducted to test the average difference between the two groups, from the military and civilian origin, to confirm the average difference in the piloting competency between the groups. Based on these results, it will be helpful to design future training courses.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.1295-1300
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• 2022

There has been increased interest in researching risk perception of radiation to implement successful risk communication, particularly given the recent worldwide nuclear policy movement regarding nuclear energy. This study aimed to investigate characteristics of risk perception among residents living near normally operating nuclear power plants in South Korea by identifying factors associated with risk perception. A survey was conducted with face-to-face interviews for 1200 residents aged 20e84 years by gender- and age-stratified random sampling. Risk perception was associated with trust perception in nuclear safety, but was not highly correlated with benefit perception for utilizing nuclear power. Relatively high risk perception was observed in women, older age groups, and residents not having experience of nuclear-related education or work. This association remained after adjusting for other factors including benefit perception, trust perception, and psychological distress. In addition to these individual characteristics, risk perception was also associated with a residential district's own unique context, indicating that a strategy of risk communication should be developed differently for residents facing nuclear-related circumstances. Given that risk perception can be changed, depending on social values such as safety culture and economic setting, further studies are required to understand the changing characteristics of radiation risk perception.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.90-101
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• 2022

The study aims to assess composition, diversity and population indices of natural regeneration of woody species in Jebel El Gerrie forest reserve, Blue Nile State, Sudan. We conducted field work between December 2018 and January 2019. We used random sampling to collect vegetation data in the forest where we made a total of 90 circular sample plots (radius 17.84 m) and distributed them proportionally to the area of each of the four density-based vegetation classes of the forest i.e. high density (C1), medium density (C2), low density (C3) and crop land (C4). In each sample plot we identified all regenerating tree species and counted their regeneration frequencies. We calculated ecological metrics of regeneration frequency, density, abundance, richness, evenness, diversity and importance value index (IVI) and drew abundance rank curve. Results revealed that out of fifteen mature tree species present, natural regeneration of 8 species, which belong to 6 families, was observed. The relatively most frequently naturally regenerating and abundant species were Anogeissus leiocarpa and Combretum hartmannianum. Richness, evenness and diversity of regenerating species were 1.33, 0.82 and 1.7, respectively. One-way ANOVA (α=0.05) of mean regeneration densities disclosed that there were significant differences (F_3,86=16.77, p=0.000) between C2 & C3 (p=0.000) and C2 & C4 (p=0.000). While regeneration of seven tree species were absent, two, two and four species were of good, poor and fair regeneration status, respectively. A comparison of mean density of natural regeneration with that of parent trees reflects a poor regeneration status of the forest. The study provides empirical results on the regeneration status of species and signifies the need for management interventions for species conservation and restoration, maintenance of biodiversity and sustainable production.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.293-304
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• 2022

In this work, a novel reliability approach for combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) estimation is developed by combining active learning strategy with least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) (named as ALS-SVM) surrogate model to address the multi-resources uncertainties, including working loads, material properties and model itself. Initially, a new active learner function combining LS-SVM approach with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is presented to improve computational efficiency with fewer calls to the performance function. To consider the uncertainty of surrogate model at candidate sample points, the learning function employs k-fold cross validation method and introduces the predicted variance to sequentially select sampling. Following that, low cycle fatigue (LCF) loads and high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads are firstly estimated based on the training samples extracted from finite element (FE) simulations, and their simulated responses together with the sample points of model parameters in Coffin-Manson formula are selected as the MC samples to establish ALS-SVM model. In this analysis, the MC samples are substituted to predict the CCF reliability of turbine blades by using the built ALS-SVM model. Through the comparison of the two approaches, it is indicated that the reliability model by linear cumulative damage rule provides a non-conservative result compared with that by the proposed one. In addition, the results demonstrate that ALS-SVM is an effective analysis method holding high computational efficiency with small training samples to gain accurate fatigue reliability.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.509-515
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• 2022

To comparison of the differences in affecting factors of prevalence of obesity and hypertension according to the employment type of single-person households, aged 20 to 59 years old people were classified by permanent and temporary workers(n=566). A questionnaire survey was conducted by purposive quota sampling to ask disease, income and health habits. In the results of logistic regression on hypertension and obesity, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly affected as age and obesity increased regardless of employment type. In particular, temporary workers with lower income were more likely to have hypertension(p<0.001). The prevalence of obesity was significantly lower for female than for male regardless of employment type. In particular, temporary workers had a higher prevalence of obesity as their dinner fidelity decreased(p<0.001). As a result, chronic disease management for single-person households with lower income and dinner fidelity should be intervened in more useful ways.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.3-3
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• 1998

In this pressentation it is argued that the heterogeneity of a hydrologic attribute which may seem to be nonstationary at one scale, may become stationary at a larger scale. The fundamental reason for transformation from nonstationarity to stationarity whith the increase in scale is the phenomenon of coarse-graining of the hydrologic processes with increasing scale. Due to the phenomenon of aliasing, a particular scale hydrologic process heterogeneity which is observed as a nonstationary process at that scale, may be observed as a stationary process at a higher(larger) scale whose size is bigger than the stationary extent of the lower scale heterogeneity. As one goes through a hierarchical sequence of larger and larger scales for observations, one would eliminate nonstationarities which emerge at some lower scales at the expense of losing information on the high frequency fluctuations of the lower scale heterogeneities which will no longer be observed at the larger sampling scales. We call this phenimenon as the "coarse-graining in hydrologic observations". In this presentation, it is also argued that by the coarse-graining of hydrologic processes due to the averaging and aliasing operations at increasing scales, the conservation laws corresponging to these scales may still be quite parsimonious, and need not be more complicated as the scales get larger. It is shown that shen a higher(larger) scale process is formed by averaging a lower(smaller) scale process in time or space, the high frequency components of the lower scale process will be eliminated by the averaging operation. Thereby, the resuliiting average hydrologic dynamics, free from the effects of the high frequency components of the lower scale process, can still be quite simple in form. This is demonstrated by means of some recent upscaling work on the solute teansport conservation equation for hetergeneous aquifers. By means of this solute transport example, it is also shown that for the ensemble average form of a hydrologic conservation equation to be equivalent to its volume-average form at any scale, the parameter functions of that conservation equation at the immediately lower scale must be ergodic.