• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.733-740
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• 2011

For the current study, 2,000 questionnaire sheets were printed and distributed while at the same time postal questionnaires were also conducted. The questionnaire survey was conducted July 25 through September 25, 2008, whereby 206 copies of desirable responses were secured. Analysis of the survey made it possible to grasp the overall current status and prospects of the mountain-grown ginseng business, and the level of technology required for cultivating mountaingrown ginsengs. It was learned that, with no legal and institutional arrangements now in force, no precise facts and figures concerning the total area cultivated and the quantity produced are currently available, and that the products are being marketed under the table. Under such circumstances, it is high time for the mountain-grown ginseng cultivation business to contribute to the promotion of incomes of the farming households and the generation of national wealth by developing the business into a systematic industry. This study conducted a survey on the current status of mountain-grown ginseng producers and of their production, thereby contributing to the introduction of policies for mountain-grown ginsengs.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.39-47
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• 1980

The harvesting and export of Canadian ginseng from the cool, shady hardwood forests of southern Canada can be traced to 1796. Because of its high dollar value and diminishing woodland supplies it was decided in 1896 that it should be cultivated under wood lath screens. Present day economics dictate changes in production techniques to allow for a decreasing supply of expensive labour. Traditional wooden lath screens have a surface area of wood of 70 per cent and permit light penetration of only about 18 per cent. Experimental woven black polypropylene shade has an estimated surface area of 72 per cent and permits light pentration of about 28 per cent. While differences in air and leaf temperatures under the two shade structures can be measured it is doubtful if these are great enough to cause differences in plant growth under the two structures. Shade grown ginseng had a low fresh and dry weight and total chlorophyll content (ratio of a to b was 3 to 1) comparable to other shade species. There was no differences in fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content of leaves from plants grown under the two shade structures. Maximum net photosynthesis of leaves was 0.175 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ and light saturation level was about $200{\mu}E\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1},$ or about 10 per cent of full sunlight.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is classifying types of American ginseng and estimating their production cost and revenue by the types. Usually, the American ginseng can be classified as 4 different types; wild ginseng(WG), wild simulated ginseng(WSG), woods grown ginseng(WGG), and field cultivated ginseng(FCG). This paper estimates costs and benefits for FCG, WGG, and WSG per acre. The WGG & WSG are produced under the tree at mountain while the FCG is produced at large scale farm with machinery. Annual profit for the FCG is $2,222 while that of the WGG and the WSG are $2,759 and $3,799 per acre. Although quantity produced per acre for the WGG and WSG(600lbs and 160lbs) are much smaller than that of the FCG(3,000lbs), prices per pound for the WGG and WSG($125, 375$) are higher than that of the FCG($24). In addition, production costs for the WGG and WSG are lower than that of the FCG because of the costs for seeds, shadow facility, and chemicals are different by the types of production.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-172
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to discuss ginseng properties by historical research. Methods : Historical documentary records of ginseng were used to develop this review. Results : According to the historical research, the first Korean ginseng cultivation started from the Koryo Dynasty around A.D. 1000. Later, during the Chosun Dynasty around A.D. 1500$\sim$1600, the ginseng cultivators established a method of cultivation. Gasam (cultivated ginseng) was cultivated ginseng on the skirts of their domicile. It was reported that Gasam cultivation was broadened throughout the country around A.D. 1790 on Cheongjosilrok. On the other hand, ginseng properties were reported slightly cool in the oriental herbal medicine books from A.D. 250 to A.D. 1600. But, they were reported slightly warm or warm after A.D. 1600. Korean ginseng cultivation started in the Koryo Dynasty around A.D. 1000. Later, during the Chosun Dynasty, the ginseng cultivators established a standard method of cultivation. Gasam, cultivated ginseng, was grown on the outskirts of their domicile. It was reported that Gasam cultivation was broadened throughout the country around 1790 A.D. in Cheongjosilrok. On the other hand, ginseng properties were reported slightly cool in the oriental herbal medicine books from 250 to A.D. 1600, but they were reported slightly warm or warm after A.D. 1600. Conclusions : It suggests that ginseng properties (slightly cool) before A.D. 1600 are wild ginseng. Also, wood-grown ginseng and ginseng properties (slightly warm, warm) after A.D. 1600 are Gasams.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2017

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the amino acids content of shiitake mushrooms grown in eight different media and under three different temperature conditions. The sawdust media were supplemented with 4 kinds of nutrients - rice bran, barley, bean curd refuse, and red ginseng refuse in an 8:2 ratio with or without 0.5% calcium chloride, and the fruiting temperature was set to low ($13-15^{\circ}C$), medium ($18-20^{\circ}C$), or high temperatures ($24-26^{\circ}C$). Seventeen amino acids were detected, and the content varied depending on the compositions of the media. The highest total amino acid content (209.7 mg/g) was measured in mushrooms from the media with red ginseng refuse, and the glutamic acid content was the highest (51.3 mg/g) in mushrooms from the media with barley. In terms of fruiting temperature, the amino acid content was the highest (38.2%) at medium temperature followed by the content at low (32.5%) and high temperature (29.3%). The amino acid composition of shiitake mushrooms was similar between the medium and low temperature conditions.