• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.15
• /
• pp.6391-6396
• /
• 2015

Background: To analyze cervical cancer mortality trends in China from 1991-2013 and forecast the mortality distribution in future five years (2014-2018), and provide clues for prevention and treatment. Materials and Methods: Mortality data for cervical cancer in China from 1991 to 2013 were used to describe the epidemiological characteristics and distribution, including the trend of the standardized mortality rate, urban-rural differences, and age variation. Trend-surface analysis was used to analyze the geographical distribution of mortality. Curve estimation, time series, gray modeling, and joinpoint regression were performed to predict and forecast mortality trends. Results: In recent years, the mortality rate of cervical cancer has increased, and there is also a steady increase in the incidence from 2003 to 2013 in China. Mortality rates in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. The mortality dramatically increases in the 40+ yr age group, reaching a peak in the >85 yr age group. In addition, geographical analysis showed that the cervical cancer mortality increased from the southwest to west-central and from the southeast to northeast of the country. Conclusions: The incidence rate and the mortality rate are increasing from 1991 to 2013, and the predictions show this will continue in the future. Thus, implementation of prevention and management programs for cervical cancer are necessary in China, especially for rural areas, young women in urban areas, and high risk regions (the west-central).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.12
• /
• pp.6475-6479
• /
• 2012

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated an association between insulin growth factor (IGF) and insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-III) serum levels and increased risk for various cancers. However, little information is available on clinical implications of the IGF system in Indian patients with cervical cancer. This study explored associations by analyzing their expression profiles in cervical cancer cases. Materials and Methods: Totals of 50 patients with advanced cervical cancer and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical biopsy sample were obtained from all participating women. Circulatory levels were estimated by ELISA and the tissue expression was assessed using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results: Levels of IGF-I and II showed significant increase whereas IGFBP-III showed significant decline in all patients as compared to controls. Spearman correlation analysis between IGFs and HPV status showed significant correlations. Conclusions: We demonstrated elevated circulating levels and tissue expression of IGF-I and IGF-II in advancer cancer cervix patients, as compared with controls, with a converse trend being apparent for IGFBP-III. In future, associations of the IGF system and clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients in post treatment samples might point to significance in disease mapping as a prognostic marker after validation with a larger patient series.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.229-236
• /
• 2022

To prevent cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) bivalent and quadrivalent vaccinations are common, but there is a need for a vaccination system based on the high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotype that differs by region. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of HR-HPV genotypes in 2,014 women who were not vaccinated against HPV. In this study, HPV DNA testing was performed on 2,014 women not vaccinated against HPV and who visited the Busan Obstetrics and Gynecology Department from September 2020 to July 2021. In addition, liquid-based cytology (LBC) test was performed on 493 cases of HR- HPV genotype infection confirmed by HPV DNA test. The prevalence of HPV among women in Busan was positive in 609 (30.2%) out of 2,014 cases. Among the 609 HPV-positive cases, HR-HPV infection accounted for 493 cases (81.0%), which is a high proportion. Of the total 493 HR-HPV infection cases, liquid-based cytology (LBC) was within normal limits (WNL) in 266 cases (54.0%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 97 cases (19.7%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) in 88 cases (17.8%), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) in 42 cases (8.5%). Single HR-HPV 52 and 16 accounted for the highest and second highest infection rates, respectively. The high infection rate among women aged 18~39 underscores the need for continuous monitoring. In addition, when there were abnormal findings in the cervical epithelium, HPV 52 was the most common, while in the case of HGSIL, HPV 16 was the most common. The HR-HPV genotypes related to cervical cancer should be continuously collected and monitored for use in health policies, including local and national vaccinations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1058-1069
• /
• 1994

This study was performed to study the effects of dietary factors on breast and cervical cancer incidence in female Koreans. The subjects were 60 breast and 109 cervical cancer patients recruited from five general hospitals in Seoul. Food intake, anthropometric measurement, and blood compositions were studied through personal interview and using medical records, from August 1991 to September 1992. Body weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness and body muscle mass were at upper limit of normal value, which suggest that these patients had a tendency of overweight. The levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit of the patients were below the normal values. The values of serum protein, albumin, and calcium were in the normal range but close to the lower bound. Therefore the nutritional status assessed by blood composition seems to be marginal. The results of diet history showed that most of the nutrient intake of the subjects met with RDA. The fat intake were 22.9-36.9g/day which supplies about 15-16% of total calories. The results of this study do not agree with those reports of western societies which showed the positive correlation between calorie and fat intake and the incidence of breast and cervical cancer. Even through the calories and fat intake of the subjects were not high, it was higher than national average, especially in breast cancer patients. From this study, dietary factors does not seem to be a major risk factor in cancer incidence in Korea. However, the tendency of the increasing consumption of fat could be a contributing risk factor together with overweight.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.1187-1191
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the use of screening for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers, which are included in the Korean National Cancer Screening Programme. In 2011 the National Cancer Centre in Korea conducted a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional interview survey using multi-stage random sampling. Participants included 4,100 cancer-free men 40 years and over of age and women over 30 years of age. The lifetime screening rates for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers were 76.2%, 54.3%, 56.1%, 79.0%, and, 74.8%, respectively. The rates of recommended screening for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers were 64.6%, 22.9%, 35.3%, 60.4%, and 62.4%, respectively. More than 70% of all screening was attributed to organised cancer screening programmes. The main reason given for non attendance was 'no symptoms'. A greater effort is needed to increase screening rates, especially for liver and colorectal cancers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.1157-1162
• /
• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer is known as one of the most prevalent types of cancers and a major public health problem in developing countries which can be detected by Pap test, prevented, and treated. Despite the effective role of Pap test in decreasing the incidence and mortality due to cervical cancer, it is still one the most common causes of cancer-related deaths among women, especially in developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of educational interventions implemented by health volunteers based on protection motivation theory (PMT) on promoting Pap test use among women. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 health volunteers and 420 women. The study participants were divided into an intervention and a control group. Data were collected using a valid self-reported questionnaire including demographic variables and PMT constructs which was completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software, version 19 and were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent T-test, and descriptive statistical methods. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The findings of this study showed that the mean scores of PMT constructs (i.e. perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, fear, response-costs, self-efficacy, and intention) increased in the intervention group after the intervention (P<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding response efficacy after the intervention (P=0.06). The rate of Pap test use also increased by about 62.9% among the study women. Conclusions: This study showed a significant positive relationship between PMT-based training and Pap test use. The results also revealed the successful contribution of health volunteers to training cervical cancer screening. Thus, training interventions based on PMT are suggested to be designed and implemented and health volunteers are recommended to be employed for educational purposes and promoting the community's, especially women's, health.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.105-114
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine knowledge level of human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer, and vaccination status among Korean mothers' with a daughter in high school. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a convenience sample of 234 Korean mothers. Results: The mean score of HPV knowledge level was 4.21 out of 20, and cervical cancer knowledge was 3.88 out of 7. There were low levels of daughters' who received HPV vaccination (3.8%) and high levels of mothers' intention to get their daughters' vaccinated with HPV (85.0%). The major barrier to HPV vaccination was the concern for side effect from the vaccination. The most effective recommendation for HPV vaccination came from health care providers. Conclusion: HPV educational programs targeting mothers of daughters in high school is needed. Future studies need to determine actual HPV vaccination rates and factors related to high uptake using a larger sample from various socioeconomic background.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.16
• /
• pp.7381-7384
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to 1206 women who had cervical cancer screening at Chonburi Cancer Hospital. The spilt-sample study aimed to compare the efficacy of abnormal cervical cells detection between liquid-based cytology (LBC) and conventional cytology (CC). The collection of cervical cells was performed by broom and directly smeared on a glass slide for CC then the rest of specimen was prepared for LBC. All slides were evaluated and classified by The Bethesda System. The results of the two cytological tests were compared to the gold standard. The LBC smear significantly decreased inflammatory cell and thick smear on slides. These two techniques were not difference in detection rate of abnormal cytology and had high cytological diagnostic agreement of 95.7%. The histologic diagnosis of cervical tissue was used as the gold standard in 103 cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false positive, false negative and accuracy of LBC at ASC-US cut off were 81.4, 75.0, 70.0, 84.9, 25.0, 18.6 and 77.7%, respectively. CC had higher false positive and false negative than LBC. LBC had shown higher sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy than CC but no statistical significance. In conclusion, LBC method can improve specimen quality, more sensitive, specific and accurate at ASC-US cut off and as effective as CC in detecting cervical epithelial cell abnormalities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.4149-4154
• /
• 2016

Background: Cervical carcinoma is one of the main causes of mortality in women worldwide as well as in India. It occurs as a result of various molecular events that develop from the combined influences of an individual's genetic predisposition and external agents such as smoking and menstrual hygiene, for example. However, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the established major risk factor. The aim of the current study was to investigate p16 CpG island methylation and establish any correlation with mRNA expression in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 196 woman volunteer out of which 98 were cases and 98 healthy controls. For the analysis of methylation pattern, DNA extracted from blood samples was modified with a bisulfate kit and used as template for methylation specific PCR (MSP). Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) was performed to check mRNA expression. Results: Correlation between methylation status of p16 gene and poor menstrual hygiene was significant (p=0.006), high parity cases showed methylation of p16 gene (p=0.031) with increased risk up to 1.86 times for cervical cancer and smoking was a strong risk factor associated with cervical cancer. We analyzed methylation pattern and found 60.3% methylation in cases with low mRNA expression level (0.014) as compare to controls (1.24). It was also observed that promoter methylation of p16 gene was significantly greater in FIGO stage III. Conclusions: We conclude that p16 methylation plays an important role in cervical cancer in the north Indian population and its methylation decreases mRNA expression. It can be used as an important and consistent blood biomarker in cervical cancer patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.5375-5378
• /
• 2013

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the surgical outcomes of patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy. Data for 58 patients who underwent modified radical hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy between January 2003 and December 2012 at Chiang Mai University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The analysis included clinico-pathological risk factors (nodal metastasis, parametrial involvement), adjuvant treatment, 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival. All pathologic slides were reviewed by a gynecologic pathologist. Follow-up methods included at least cervical cytology and colposcopy with directed biopsy if indicated. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with median survival. At the median follow up time of 73 months, the 5-year disease-free survival and the 5-year overall survival were 97.4% and 97.4%, respectively. Two (3.4%) patients had pelvic lymph node metastases. In a univariate analysis, there was no statistically significant association between survival and prognostic factors such as age, histological cell type, lymph-vascular space invasion, vaginal margin status and lymph node status. Surgical and survival outcomes of women with stage IA2 cervical cancer are excellent. No parametrial involvement was detected in our study. Patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer may be treated with simple or less radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy.