• Title/Summary/Keyword: Women

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Substantive Representation of Women Under the Conservative Government in Japan: An analysis of the Diet deliberation of the Bill on Promotion of Women's Participation and Advancement in the Workplace (日本の保守政権下における女性の実質的代表-女性活躍推進法案を巡る国会審議をケースとして)

  • Osawa, Kimiko
    • Anayses & Alternatives
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.87-121
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    • 2021
  • Since 2012, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe'sadministration began to promote women's participation and advancement in the workplace and established the Act on the Promotion of Female Participation and Career Advancement in the Workplace (the Act) in 2015. Some criticize this Act as a way to utilize women for economic development and to deal with the shrinking working population. In contrast, others point out that it is a law that can be beneficial for women. As such, this Act serves as an interesting case of a women's policy promoted by a conservative government. This paper's objective is to shed light on if and how women are substantively represented in the Diet members' statements made during the legislative debate of the bill on the Promotion of Female Participation and Career Advancement in the Workplace between 2014 and 2015. This paper asks two research questions. First, based on the mixed evaluation of the Act made in the studies about the Abe administration's women's policies, this research asks if the Diet members speak of women as resources to use for other economic and social goals or if women are substantively represented. Second, drawing insights from the literature on women's substantive representation, this research asks how Diet members speak for women. Particularly, based on the studies on conservatism and substantive representation of women, this question seeks to determine if Diet members engage in the conservative representation of women, taking women's roles as mothers and wives who provide care for children, husbands, and elders at home for granted. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the number of statements that explicitly claimed to use women was small. Second, while some Diet members of conservative political parties engaged in the conservative representation of women, there were more instances of non-conservative representation, in which a variety of types of women were represented. These findings reveal that even when the conservative government's intention to submit the bill was to utilize women rather than acting for women, Diet members could speak for various types of women and engage in the non-conservative representation of women. The findings also imply the importance of paying attention to formal and informal legislative deliberation rules to figure out how women's substantive representation can occur under a conservative government and in a legislature dominated by conservative parties.

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Mineral Intakes and Serum Mineral Concentrations of the Pregnant and Lactating Women (임신$\cdot$수유부의 무기질 섭취와 혈청 무기질 함량에 관한 연구)

  • Kim Wooo Ju;Ahn Hong Seok;Chung Eun Jung
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.59-69
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to estimate the mineral intakes and serum mineral levels of pregnant and lactating women. The subjects consisted of 34 non-pregnant, 56 pregnant and 20 lactating women. Nutrients intakes were investigated by the 24-hr recall method, and serum major and trace minerals were analyzed by the ICP-spectrometry. Calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) intakes were observed lower than RDA especially for both pregnant and lactating women. Iron (Fe) intake of pregnant women was $85 - 139\%$ RDA through Fe supplementation, and that of lactating women was lower than RDA. Compared with non-pregnant women, the pregnant women had similar Ca intake and higher magnesium (Mg) intake. Comparing with the non-pregnant women, serum Ca level in pregnancy was lower, and that of lactating women was not significantly different. Serum phosphorus and Mg levels were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe level of pregnant and lactating women was lower than that of the non-pregnant women. Serum Zn level of pregnant women was lower than those in the lactating and non-pregnant women. Serum copper level decreased as the pregnancy progressed. Serum sodium (Na) level was higher in 2nd- and 3rd trimester and potassium (K) level was higher in 3rd trimester and lactating period than other groups. Na/K ratio was not significantly different among the groups. During all periods, there was no correlation between dietary intakes and serum levels in each minerals. Serum Ca level positively corrleated with serum Mg level, especially in 3rd trimester and lactating women. In general, serum mineral levels in pregnancy were changed compared to the levels in non-pregnancy and restored in lactation to the levels for non-pregnancy.

Awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid among non-pregnant Korean women of childbearing age

  • Kim, Min Ji;Kim, Jihyun;Hwang, Eun Joung;Song, YoonJu;Kim, Heon;Hyun, Taisun
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.78-84
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    • 2018
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Folic acid supplementation before pregnancy is known to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. The purposes of this study were to investigate the awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid supplements along with their associated factors among non-pregnant Korean women of childbearing age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From August 2012 to March 2013, 704 women aged 19-45 years completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid as well as questions to identify risk of inadequate folate intake. RESULTS: Approximately 67% of women reported that they had heard of folic acid, and 23.7% had knowledge of both the role of folic acid in preventing birth defects and appropriate time for taking folic acid supplements to prevent birth defects. However, only 9.4% of women took folic acid supplements at the time of the survey. Women aged 19-24 years, unmarried women, and women who had never been pregnant were less likely to be aware and knowledgeable of folic acid or take folic acid supplements. In addition, women at high risk of inadequate folate intake were less likely to take folic acid supplements. In a multivariate analysis, women aged 19-24 years, women with a high school diploma or lower education level, and unmarried women were less likely to be aware and have knowledge of folic acid. The percentage of women taking folic acid supplements was significantly higher among knowledgeable women than among unknowledgeable women. CONCLUSIONS: These results support our hypothesis that women with knowledge of folic acid are more likely to take folic acid supplements. Therefore, educational programs or campaigns to improve knowledge regarding the importance of folic acid and to promote consumption of folic acid supplements as well as folate-rich foods are needed to target young, less educated, and unmarried women.

Women's Health and Sexuality (여성건강과 성)

  • Lee, Kyung-Hye
    • Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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    • v.2
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    • pp.53-63
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to describe how what influence sexuality has on women's health. Sex is determined by the sex chromosome: but sociocultural norms have much influence on the sex role of a woman or man. Women's sexuality has had a negative impact on them in a male-dominated society, which destroyed women's health, put women in a powerless position and forced them to live as dependent persons. Sociocultural perception of the sex role has not been very open, and very strict rules have controlled those perceptions; but currently these perceptions have been changing dramatically. Especially, women's sex role has changed, bringing about many problems: the number of women engaging in premarital sex, the number of unwed mothers, the number of pregnancies without marriage, the divorce rate, and the number of dysfunctional families have all increased. Those kinds of problems have negative effects on women, children and members of the whole family. Sexually transmitted disease because of free sex is a serious health issue for women: the number of women with AIDS has increased rapidly. Another big issue is sexual abuse, which is insulting to women, decreases women's self-esteem, increases depression, puts women in a powerless position and eventually causes women to get sick. Male-preference (among newborns) ideology raises health issues for women, such as artificial abortion. In the area of sex differentiation, therefore, we have to change people's thinking from male-preference ideology to equal sex preference. Finally, we have to use a holistic approach for women's health and increase awareness of the fact that the sex role and women's health are very important for the family, society and nation. Women's health is the nation's power.

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A Survey on the Perception of the Women in Twenties and Thirties on Traditional Korean Medical Treatment on the Leukorrhea (2, 30대 여성을 대상으로 한 대하(帶下)의 한방 치료에 대한 인식 조사)

  • Heo, Ja-Kyung;Lee, Jin-Moo;Lee, Chang-Hoon;Jang, Jun-Bock;Lee, Kyung-Sub;Cho, Jung-Hoon
    • The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.68-78
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the perception that women in 20s and 30s have on Traditional Korean Medical(TKM) treatment on the leukorrhea. Methods: We studied the perception of TKM treatment by questionnaire From October 1 to November 20, 2010. A questionnaire was given to 50 women and we studied 47 except 3 questionnaire which have inappropriate answer. Results: 1. In 47 women, 46(97.9%) women have heard about leukorrhea, 1(2.1%) woman hasn't heard about it. 2. In 32 women who suffered from the leukorrhea, 14(43.8%) women checked up for leukorrhea. 18(56.2%) women doesn't checked. 10 of 14 women took the medical treatment (drug or injection) and 2 of 14 women took the TKM treatment. 3. In 32 women, 16(50.0%) women know about TKM treatment for leukorrhea, 16(50.0%) women don't know. 4. In 32 women, 20(62.5%) women have intention of TKM treatment for leukorrhea, 2(6.2%) women don't have, and 10(31.3%) women don't know. The biggest obstacle was the high cost of TKM treatment. Conclusions: Many women are willing to take TKM treatment on the leukorrhea. We need more accumulation of data for demonstrating the efficacy and safety of TKM treatment.

African women's hairstyles as communication media - A comparison between young and old women's hairstyles -

  • Lorraine, Kindavyi;Suk, Kwon Young
    • The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.1051-1060
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the different communication messages behind African women's hairstyles, and to compare young and old African women's hairstyles. The contents of this research are: the hairstyle as communication media, the types of African women's hairstyles, and the difference between young and old women's hairstyles. We used a review of literature and an empirical study as the research methods for this study. For the literature review, we used papers on African hairstyles, and we linked hairstyles to corresponding communication. For the empirical study, we took a database of 240 pictures (120 pictures of young women and 120 pictures of old women) from websites related to African hairstyles and we analyzed the pictures to differentiate between young and old African women's hairstyles. The results of this study reveal that African women's hairstyles express messages of power, ceremony, and status and identification communication. Within the 240 pictures, we found out which hairstyles are preferred by young and old women. Young African women prefer long, straight hairstyles and artificial hair (wigs), while old women keep short, natural hairstyles. The result of this research will be useful for understanding African women's hairstyles as well as contribute to the field of hair design.

Factors of Intention to take Hormone Replacement therapy in korean Menopausal Women (폐경기 여성의 호르몬 대체요법 선택의도에 영향을 미치는 요인)

  • Chung, Chae-Weon
    • Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.369-378
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    • 2003
  • Purpose: To identify factors influencing women's intention to take hormone replacement therapy(HRT). Method: A cross-sectional survey design was utilized. A total of 116 married women aged 40 to 60 were recruited from women's groups in communities. They completed a structured questionnaire containing demographic characteristics, Orientation to Life Questionnaire, Menopausal Symptom Checklist, Health Belief of Korean Adult, Sexrole Idea of Kim, Dong-il, chronic illnesses, and a single item measuring marital satisfaction. Result: Thirteen percents of the women were currently taking HRT and 28.4% had intention to take HRT. Education, sense of coherence, and sex role attitude were related to women's susceptibility to menopause. Hysterectomy status and the level of sense of coherence explained women's perception of seriousness regarding menopause. In addition, chronic health conditions accounted for the variances of benefits and barriers to HRT. Factors influencing women's intention to take HRT were education, menopausal symptoms, and perceived benefits of HRT. Conclusion: Women's chronic health conditions, psychosocial characteristics as well as menopausal discomforts were associated with women's choice regarding HRT. Other factors related to decision making process of women's health seeking behaviors need to be explored.

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Comparison of Health Behaviors, Disease Prevalence between One-person women and Multiple households women in Korea (우리나라 여성 1인가구와 다인가구 여성의 건강행태 및 질병이환율 비교 : 2013년 지역사회 건강조사를 중심으로)

  • Kim, Eun-gyeong;Park, Sook-kyoung
    • Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.483-494
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    • 2016
  • Purpose: This study compared health behaviors and disease prevalence between one-person women and multiple-household women in Korea. Methods: This study used the 2013 data from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS). A total of 89,807 women, aged 19-64 years were included in this study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Moreover, statistical processing was performed using the SPSS 21.0. Results: Among adult women, one-person households women was 6.2%. One-person household women were older than multiple-households women, and multiple-households women were less likely to exercise regularly. And disease prevalence was higher in one-person household women than in multiple-household women. Conclusion: Residence characteristics should be considered in developing a public health program to reduce or increase modifiable health behaviors and disease prevalence. The findings from this study suggest that policies to improve the support for healthcare of one-person household women is necessary.

Kinematic Mechanism of Gait on Different Road Conditions in Older Women (보행 지면 상태에 따른 노인의 운동학적 보행 메카니즘)

  • Hah, Chong Ku;Ki, Jae Sug;Jang, Young Kwan;Lee, Eun Young
    • Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.163-171
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    • 2015
  • The aim of this study was to investigate kinematic mechanism of gait different road conditions(dry vs. oil) in order women. For this study, twenty older women and ten young women participated in this research. twelve infrared cameras were used to collect data. It appeared that the gait strategies of older women were slower velocity and higher CoM than young women. Depending on road conditions, gait velocities of dominant muscle older women on dry surface were faster than dominant sense older women, but those of them were inverse on oil surface. The slip displacement of dominant muscle older women was less than young women, but the slip displacement of dominant sense older women was greater than young women. In case of blind during stance phase on oil surface, the rotational motion of the ankle and knee joints were increased. In conclusion, older women were subjected to self-organization theory and phase shift in dynamic theory.