• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.5-20
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• 1997

2차대전 이후에 미국, 유럽, 일본의 사례와 냉전 종식 후의 동구권 국가의 사례 등을 볼 때, 전쟁과 가난에 의하여 화장품 소비는 억제되며, 평화와 번영의 시기에는 그 소비가 증대된다. 그 외에도 화장품시장의 성장은 아시아권 국가에서 볼 수 있는 것처럼 경제성장, 대중매체의 발달에 의해서, 혹은, 중국본토에서 볼 수 있는 경제제도의 변화 및 정치 흐름에 의한 것일 수도 있다. 앞에서 본 전쟁, 경제, 정치흐름, 대중매체 등의 요소 이 외에도 생활방식, 종교, 윤리, 가치관 등도 화장품 시장의 성장에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 화장품은 사회의 산물이다. 사회와 그 구성원의 needs가 변하면 그에 따라 화장품도 내용물, 포장, 배송, marketing concepts, 소구사항 등도 변하게 된다. 많은 점에서 화장품은 우리사회의 거울이며, 사회변화를 반영한다. 1970년대 초반까지 미국에서의 화장품은 주로 백인 영성을 위하여 개발되었다. 그러나 60년대의 시민권운동 이후, 70, 80 년대에는 미국의 흑인 여성을 위한 제품(색조화장)시장이 급성장하였으며, 안전성이 제대로 검토되지 않은 원료의 사용으로 부작용이 증가하였다. 이에 따라 FEA 규제에 의하여 70년대부터는 제품에 사용원료를 명기하게 되었다. 기존 원료의 안전성이 다시 검토되었으며 안전성이 확인되지 않은 많은 원료, 특히 기존에 사용되던 많은 색소의 사용이 제한되었다. 결과적으로 안전을 중시하는 "hypoallergenic" 화장품이 유행하였고, 원료의 사용에서도 기능성 있는 복잡한 이름의 원료보다는 소비자에게 쉽게 인식되는 이름의 원료를 선택하게 되었다. 유럽에서도 신원료명기법이 제정되어 신제품 개발을 위한 개발자의 원료선택에영향을 미치게 되었다. 그러나 원료의 명기에 따라 경쟁사의 제품복제가 매우 쉬워졌다. 환경오염도 마찬가지로 화장품 흐름에 영향을 미친다. 예를 들어 성층권의 오존층이 얇아지면서 suncare 제품의 소비가 늘었다. Hair spray제품에 있어서는 propellant로 사용되는 CFC가 오존층 파괴의 주범임이 밝혀지고 나서는 propellant를 다른 것으로 대체한 제품들이 많이 나왔으나 예전에 hair spray가 끌었던 만큼의 인기는 회복할 수 없었다. 이외에도 천연화장품원료의 증가. 비 동물시험법의 개발, 포장의 간소화 등은 시대의 변화를 반영하는 것 들이다. 한편 70년대에 고조에 달했던 아무런 효과도 없는 화장품에 대한 비판에 대해서 80년대에는 효능 위주의 제품이 미국을 휩쓸었으며, FDA에 의하여 이에 제동이 걸렸다. 그러나 고기능성 화장품에 대한 소비자의 요구는 끊이질 않았다. 이때에 유명한 원료로는 AHA가 있으며 이를 사용한 화장품이 의약품이냐 화장품이냐 하는 논쟁이 있었다. 이와 같이 의약품과 화장품의 구분을 명확히 할 필요성이 제기되었으며, 기능성 화장품은 미국에서는 OTC, 일본에서는 quasi-drug 라고 구분하였다. Cosmeceuticals는 cosmetics와 pharmaceuticals의 합성어이며, 90년대 미국에서 관심을 끌었고, 세계적인 관심사가 되었다. 과거에 식품업계에서 nutraceuticals라는 단어가 사용되었으나 FDA에 의하여 의약품으로 분류될 위험성으로 인하여 이 단어를 전면으로 사용하진 않았으며, 무기물과 비타민을 사용한 경우에는 nutra-cosmeceuticals라는 단어를 사용할 수도 있었으나 이 또한 FDA와의 문제가 생길 소지가 있어 사용이 자제되었다. 법적규제에도 불구하고, 소비자의 요구와 새로운 기술에 의하여 계속 개발되고 있으며, 수많은 아시아의 소비자의 욕구를 충족시키기위한 새로운 종류의 cosmeceuticals가 21세기의 문턱에서 범람하고 있다. 아시아권의 화장품시장은 성장을 계속하고 있으며, cosmeticals중에서도 미백 제품이 가장 중요한 종류이다. 백인여성은 갈색의 피부를 갖길 원하는 반면 일본, 중국, 한국의 여성들은 하얀 피부를 갖고자 한다. 단순히 안료를 사용하는 방법이 아닌 피부자체가 하얗게 되길 바라는 것이다. 미국에서는 OTC로 구분된 hydeoquinone이 일본과 한국에서는 사용이 금지되고 있으며, 안전하고 새로운 미백원료의 개발을 위한 탐색이 계속되고 있다. 즉 미국과 유럽의 화장품 회사는 피부를 검게 하기 위하여 melanogenesis를 활성화시키는 방법을 찾고 있으며, 이와 반대로 아시아권의 화장품회사는 melanin합성을 억제하기 위한 방법을 찾고 있다. 각기 다른 소비자의 취향을 만족시키기 위해서 21세기의 화장품 과학자는 상당히 바쁠 것임에 틀림이 없다.임에 틀림이 없다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2000

North Korean fugitives is one of various nominations referring to the North Koreans who have secretly crossed the territorial border of their country. It is a new terminology that huts gained wider usage in our society as we entered the 1990s. North Koreans list various motives for escaping their county, such as food shortage and disillusionment of belief in the system. Most of the forced repatriation of North Korean escapees takes place in China. The purpose of this study examines the family knife of female fugitives from North Korea in order to provide pertinent alterntives which are needed to secure basic human right of the female fugitives and enable them to keep stability of their family lives and to adapt themselves into new socio-cultural circumstances in China. For this, the preliminary survey performed to examine the demographic characteristics on the female fugitives; to find out the incentives and channels of their escape out of North Korea; to investigate what types of family life and family relationship they manage in China; to grasp their problems and need of family life in adaptation into Chinese society. The specific questions for grasping the general characteristics of the female fugitives are composed of age, education level residential district in North Korea. In order to find out main causes and influential factors of their escape from North Korea, the following questions are included: what the most important incentives and motives are; the frequency of escape; and whether they discuss their escape with their family or not. The questions to find out their present actual life situations in China are about difficult things to adjust in China, family life, relationship with husband, and their conversational diction, the degree of their mastering the chinese language, the degree of their adaptation to chinese way of living, and so forth, which reveal to what extent they are adapted themselves to new cultural situation in China. This study collected the data through face-to-face personal interview from July to October, 1999 Yenben province along the China-North Korea border. Data from 202 female fugitives were used in final analysis. This study uses the SAS PC program for windows, Ver, 6.12 to analyze the data such as the distribution of frequency, percentage, mean and so on. The results from this analysis are follows; the most principal motive of North Korean women's escape to china is to eat to live because of famine. Concerning the year when the fugitives escape from North Korea, all of the interviewees haute escaped since 1990. After escape their continual contact with their family in North Korea, 81.7% of the respondent have not been in touch with their family. The main reasons for their not contacting with their family in North Korea are that it is not helpful although they contacts with their family. Female fugitives from North Korea have difficulties in life. They have rather stable relationship to their husband, but they have experienced difficulties in other aspects of family life. Their main difficulties are largely from their relationships to husbands'family members, and from the problems relate to their family in North Korea, and their children. Based on this study, further research has to present supportive policies that help North Korean female escapees live without being deprived and protect their human rights. And the development of practical program to help their efficient social adaptation has to be continued without stop together.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.583-594
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey on the senses that preliminary dental hygienists have on employment, who applied for the National Dental Hygienist Examination, so that it could provide a basic reference required for fostering good human resources specializing in oral health with a sense of mission and responsibility as professional. To meet these goals, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted for participants in a refresher education meeting for preliminary dental hygienists across three major regions(Seoul, Daejeon and Busan), which was held by the Korean Dental Hygienists Association(KDHA) on Jan. 15, 2006. Total 289 sheets of questionnaire were collected, and 262 sheets except invalid or incomplete ones were used for examination and analysis. As a result, this study came to the following conclusions: First, it was found that 40.4% respondents wanted to be employed in dental clinic or hospital. Most respondents(90.1%) answered that faithfulness is most valued as prerequisite qualification for employment in hospital, and highest percentage of respondents(39.3%) wanted to earn 16 to 17 million Korean won annually. For internship opportunities, 61.9% respondents replied that they could willingly accept the internship, provided that basic pay and switchover to regular employee are all assured. Second, as the results of survey on employment circumstances around respondents, it was found that most respondents(58.3%) were employed in dental clinic or hospital, and highest percentage of respondents(35.0%) earned 15 to 16 million Korean won. Third, it was found that interpersonal relationships among employees had most significant effects(4.81) on selection of employment, which was followed by in-house welfare benefits 1(monthly/annual vacation, resting room, etc; 4.56). For possible influential factors on the selection of employment depending on whether employed or not, it was found that there were Significant differences in pay, welfare benefit 2(seminar, orientation, refresher training opportunities, etc), post-wedding continued employment and merit system between employees and non-employees(pE0.05). Fourth, the survey on respondents' occupational senses of dental hygienist showed that major tasks of dental hygienists were represented by oral disease prevention(92.6%), case management(71.5%), oral health education(66.3%), hospital/clinic management and dental management support(10.4%) and public oral health activities(6.7%) respectively. For job satisfaction, it was found that almost half respondents(48.9%) showed satisfaction at their job and 32.6% felt satisfied at and proud of their job. That is, majority of respondents(81.5%) felt satisfied at their job as dental hygienist. For follow-up requirements to qualify for dental hygienists, it was found that 73.3% felt it necessary to give more investments to self-development, 62.2% respondents considered protection of membership's rights as one of future assignments that KDHA should be more committed to. For future social awareness about dental hygienists as occupation, 69.2% respondents expected that they would be better developed and treated as professional. And desired training courses as a part of qualification for professional dental hygienists were represented by case management(services, manners, etc; 33.3%), implant(28.9%), esthetics(correction, prosthesis, whitening; 18.9%) and so on. For an item on working years, it was noted that 75.9% respondents would keep working as dental hygienists as long as they could.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-83
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for more efficient dental hygienist human resources utilization and for determining some of the right directions for supplementary education for dental hygienists, by examining how they actually worked and what they thought of job-related things. The subjects in this study were 537 dental hygienists who participated in a seminar by the Korea Dental Hygienist Association. After a survey was conducted, the following findings were given: 1. 50.2% of the dental hygienists investigated completed legally required eight-class education. Those who worked in clinics took less supplementary education classes than the others in the other types of dental institutions. The main reason they didn't receive supplementary education was financial burden and uncooperative employers. 73.2% took supplementary education at the association or its branches. The association was most favored by those in clinical sector as a place that provides supplementary education, followed by its branch and university in the order named. And the dental hygienists in public health sector preferred university most, and the next best favored one was the association and its branch in the order named. Those in clinical sector hoped to acquire clinical information on patient management, implant or aesthetics, and the dental hygienists in public health sector wanted to learn about health administration, public oral health operations and oral health education, which were different from what those in clinical sector wanted. 2. Regarding the period of service, 492% had worked for three years or more. This fact suggested that their service term and average age continued to grow. And they thought they would decide the retirement time on their own. 3. The most common yearly income ranged from 12 million won to 16 million won(40.7%). For-those in clinics, yearly income was 14.36 million won, and that of the dental hygienists who had worked for less than 3 years was 12.90 million won. 4. The Korea Dental Hygienist Association was most required to protect the rights and interests of the members and offer new knowledge and technology. 5. The largest group of them were engaged in patient management, and this type of job also was the most favored one for them to do. The greatest number of the dental hygienists in public health sector were in charge of dental treatment. 6. Concerning their turnover rate, 492% had never changed their occupation. Specifically, 70.0% of the respondents who had worked for less than 3 years had have no experience to do that. The time constraints for self-development and conflicts with other workers were the cause of their turnover. Those in dental hospital and general hospital changed their occupation chiefly due to the lack of time for self-development, and for the dental hygienists in clinics, the conflicts with other workers were the main reason. The above-mentioned findings suggested that the way the dental hygienists looked at things was undergoing change. The service area made a difference to their preference for the type of supplementary education and institution in charge of it, as those in public health and clinical sectors had a different opinion. And the dental hygienists in clinical sector had a different opinion as well, according to service area, about salaries, reason of not taking supplementary education, preferred type of supplementary education, cause of turnover, and type of occupation to which they hoped to change employment. To utilize and supply human resources in a more stabilized manner, job description should be more segmented, standardized and classified clearly, and dental hygienists should be motivated to perform their substantial jobs, including oral disease prevention, oral prophylaxis and oral health education. To make it happen, it seems that dentists are required to have a clear understanding of dental hygienist job and to change the way they look at it.