• 수완나부미
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2022

This article explores how women's voices are constructed in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway and Nỗi buồn chiến tranh (The Sorrow of War) by Bảo Ninh. Specifically, this article approaches presentations of women's personalities and positions in the two novels that do not have obvious historical and geographical connections. The women's voices in the two novels, as this article suggests, are characterized by women's desire for self-determination, where they are able to free themselves from domination, and even influence men's psychology and actions. In comparing the characteristics of women's voices in the two works, the article aims to highlight different ways in which women assert their agency. The article affirms the potential contribution of cultural contexts in examining feminist voices and understanding how female figures are made to overcome default passivity and submission to male domination.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2019

뉴욕 공연계의 공연 주제, 공연 과정, 공연 문화는 그 영향력이 전 세계적으로 파급될 만큼 선도적이다. 그들이 담아내는 젠더에 관한 메시지는 정치, 사회, 문화 전반에 꾸준히 영향을 미친다. 헐리우드에서 시작된 'MeToo' 운동이 급속히 확대되고 공감받을 수 있었던 데는 이러한 문화적 영향력이 있었음을 부인할 수 없다. 그런 영향력은 오랜 기간 자신의 목소리로 키워낼 수 있는 내적 강화의 원동력이 되고 마침내 'MeToo' 운동으로 구체화 되었다. 뉴욕 공연계에 종사하면서 인식한 여성 인권의 존엄성 및 가치가 'MeToo' 운동으로 기폭제가 되어 대중적인 관심을 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 계기로 성에 근거한 불합리함과 폭력을 제거하기 위한 제도적, 법률적 장치를 마련하는 일이 시급하다.

• 수완나부미
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.133-160
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• 2022

This paper examines narratives of women's marginal position in Bao Ninh's Short Stories and Svetlana Alexievich's Unwomanly Face of War from a feminist narratological approach. In analyzing voices of marginalized women, direct and indirect descriptions of women's beauty and pain, and private-public narratives of women's love stories, this paper aims to identify presentations of women's real authority in the text written by a male author, Bao Ninh, and in the one by a female author. The paper argues that juxtaposing these texts reveals an overturn of the traditional conception of sexual and gender differences. Specifically, distinguishing between male/female discourse does not show powerful /nonpowerful language, but recognizes the real authority of each type of discourse based on sexual differences. The writing also illustrates that masculine language becomes powerless and deficient in the women's world; meanwhile, in writing about herself, woman establishes a type of a powerful feminine discourse, which blends both emotional, enthusiastic, and gossipy characteristics of female language and direct, rational, and strong ones of male language. Thus, the feminists' radical segregation on male/female discourses to overturn masculine authority and create a language for women at par with men has been clearly shifted when comparing the two writers' texts based on the juxtapositional model of the comparative literature.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.844-855
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• 2010

An important issue for the improvement of product quality is to identify and understand the customer-required attributes of a product. This paper identifies and analyzes customer-required attributes of formal knitwear for middle age and elderly women through the use of the Kano model in order to develop competitive products. Various research methods were used in this study. Customer voices for formal knitwear were collected by means of brainstorming and in-depth interviews. The collected customer voices were transformed into customer-required attributes with the use of an affinity diagram. In addition, the data was collected by means of a questionnaire and was statistically analyzed to examine the dimensions of customer-required attributes on the basis of the Kano model. The results are as follows. Five categories of customer-required attributes were identified (symbolism, aesthetic, fitness, usefulness, and maintenance). The analysis based on the Kano model identifies a strong one-dimensional quality in all of the categories of customer-required attributes and the attractive quality that includes a one-dimensional quality in the categories of fitness and usefulness. The findings of this study demonstrate the applicability of the affinity diagram for apparel that educates formal knitwear developers of the customer-required attributes that they should strategically focus on in order to develop competitive products.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 1997

Anatomic and physiological changes of the larynx with advancing age result in morphologic changes of the vocal fold and reduced control of the phonatory mechanism in elderly individuals and are reflected in increased unstability of fundamental frequency (Fo). The purpose of this study is to increase current understanding of acoustic and stroboscopic characteristics of normal elderly persons voices. First, phonated /a/ vowel productions by 40 normal adults (20 to 40 years, 20 men and 20 women) and 40 normal elderly persons (60 to 80 years,20 men and 20 women) were analyzed, using CSL (model 4300B) acoustic analysis software, to obtain acoustic measures related to fundamental frequency stability nd vocal resonance characteristics. Second, stroboscopic images of the vocal fold behavior in all subjects were analyzed by experienced specialists. In the men, fundamental frequency variation (vFe) (p＜0.01), jitter. (p＜0.05), and shimmer (p＜0.05) for the older group were significantly higher than the value for the adult group. In the stroboscopic findings, edema of vocal fold had a significant finding in aged men (15%). In the women, vFo (p＜0.05), jitter (p＜0.05), and noise to harmonic ratio (NHR) (p＜0.05) for the older group were significantly higher than the value for e adult group and first formant frequency (F1) (p＜0.01) and second formant frequency (F2) (p＜0.01) for. the older group were significantly lower than the value for the adult group. In the stroboscopic findings, vocal fold atrophy had a significant finding in aged women (25%). Frequency stability, as reflected by vFo, jitter, shimmer, and NHR, decreases with advancing age in men and women and spectral analysis of phonated /a/ vowel productions reveals the lowering of the frequency of F1 and second F2 with advancing age, especially in aged women. Change in the mass of vocal folds, due to atrophy or edema, is considered to be the greatest factor in these acoustic changes.

• 영어영문학
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.281-306
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• 2007

M. M. Bakhtin's dialogic concept of multi-voiced discourse allows us to open up the text of The Clerk's Tale and to account for its radical heterogeneity. Once we recognize the multi-voiced character of The Clerk's Tale, then what was heretofore regarded as discontinuous or ignored can be seen as the clash of several different world-views. Such a conceptual framework gives an added depth and scope to such thematic subjects as sovereignty, the status of women, and rhetorical style. There are three different and antagonistic voices involved in the tale's narration. These voices project different viewpoints or world-views, and they consequently engage each other in a polemic debate. Their relationship with each other is discontinuous and dialectical rather than continuous and harmonious. The first voice is the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory, which is the voice of tradition, authority, and high seriousness. This voice of moral allegory regards the story of Griselda as an exemplum of spiritual constancy and virtuous suffering. The second voice is the Clerkly voice of pathos based on human experience and feeling. This voice is defined by the Clerk's asides and apostrophes interspersed in the narrative proper, which function to engage the Petrarchan voice in a polemical debate. The third voice is the voice of parody, nominally identified with Chaucer the poet, which is located in the second ending, including Envoy. Whereas the other two voices are earnest and serious, the voice of parody is irrelevant, playful and antagonistic to both the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory and the Clerkly voice of secular humility.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.84-102
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• 2005

Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. It was analyzed the adult female voices into 44 factors with PSSC-2004. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 217 adult women voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 216 was composed with 8 Taeyangins, 60 Soyangins, 66 Taeumins and 83 Soeumins. The under 55 year-old group was composed with 6 Taeyangins, 53 Soyangins, 55 Taeumins and 76 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 2 Taeyangins, 7 Soyangins, 11 Taeumins and 7 Soeumins. Results 1. In total group and under 55 year-old one, Soeumin's center pitch were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.005)(P=0.019). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem. 2. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(total) and center freq.(1) were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.024)(P=0.016). In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(4) was significantly high(P=0.025). While Taeumin's center freq.(3) in under 55 year-old group and center freq.(4) in over 55 year-old group were significantly high(P=0.049)(P=0.043). 3. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(center), APQ(2/5), APQ(3/5), APQ(4/5) and APQ(2/3) were significantly high compared with the others. It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem(P=0.004) (P=0.003) (P=0.004) (P=0.013) (P=0.004). 4. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(1/3), APQ(1/2), APQ(2/2) and zeroover APQ were significantly high compared with the others (P=0.013) (P=0.003) (P=0.008) (P=0.012). 5. In over 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's octave 3 shimmer was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.000). 6. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's total energy was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.040). 7. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's zeroover energy sum was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.038). Conclusions From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard guide for constitutional diagnosis by analyzation of the voices.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.69-106
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• 2016

현대 사회에서 조혼은 많은 문제를 낳고 있다. 조혼은 양성 불평등, 빈곤 및 사회 규범 때문에 조장되며, 사회적 힘의 불균형을 재생산한다. 에티오피아 정부는 2000년의 가족법 개정과 2005년에 새로 도입된 형법을 통해, 여성의 법률적 최소 결혼 연령을 15세에서 18세로 상향 조정하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 조혼 현상은 에티오피아 사회에서 여전히 광범하게 발견된다. 이것은 조혼 관습이 장기간에 걸쳐 사람들의 삶 속에서 체화되고 실천되어 왔기 때문이다. 에티오피아의 조혼 관습에 대한 기존의 연구들은 여성의 경험에만 초점을 두고 있고, 조혼한 모든 사람-특히 여성-은 불행한 삶을 살고 있는 것처럼 간주하며, 조혼이 여성의 학업에 부정적으로만 작용하는 것처럼 여기는 경향이 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해, 다양한 사회 경제적 배경을 가진 사람들의 생애사를 통해 조혼 문제를 고찰하고자 한다. 본 논문의 목적은 에티오피아에서는 왜 조혼이 발생하고 있으며, 이 관습이 가족생활과 여성의 교육적 성취에 어떤 영향을 미쳐 왔는지를 세 개 타운-메키, 데라, 즈와이-의 사례를 통해 검토하는 데 있다. 본 논문에서 알 수 있듯이 조혼은 여성의 삶에 대체로 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것이 사실이다. 그러나 일부 남성 역시 조혼의 피해자이며, 일부 여성은 조혼을 통해 자신의 삶을 개선해 온 것도 사실이다. 이것은 우리가 조혼 문제를 다룰 때 다양한 사람들의 목소리에 귀를 기울일 필요가 있음을 일깨워 준다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.484-498
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of QFD to product development of clothes by empirically applying it to development of a specific clothes, middle and elderly women’s formal knitwear. The voices of customers(VOCs) for formal knitwear was collected through in-depth interviews with 25 customers, shop masters, and designers. Also, questionnaires of which respondents were 230 customers were used to rank the importance of the items of VOC. A QFD team of 10 knitwear experts implemented the task of translating VOCs into design attributes and measuring the values of the relationships between VOCs and design attributes. Importance ranking of the items of design attributes was obtained based on Lyman's method. The results of this study were as follows. First, the customer requirements for formal knitwear were classified into five dimensions, that is, symbolism, aesthetic, fitness, usefulness, and maintenance. Second, the descending order of the necessity of improving the quality was maintenance, aesthetic, fitness, usefulness, and symbolism. Third, three-staged design attributes were obtained as a result of translating of VOCs into design attributes. Lastly, the descending order of the importance of design attributes was "sorts of yarn", "sorts of color jacquard", "color", "tone", "ease", etc.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.457-472
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• 2011

The word "subject," like its apparent antonym "agent" is ambiguous. By "speaking subject" I intend both meanings: the spoken about, and the speaker, and the spoken about, in more or less that order. The paper contrasts the way women are spoken about in the 19^th Century debate over the role of women between John Ruskin and John Mill, and then in literary criticism of feminists nearer our own time, Kate Millet and Elizabeth Langland. I then move on to women as speaking subjects, first in the form of an imaginary speaking subject created by a male speaker, Charles Dickens channeling the confessional journal of Esther Summerson in Bleak House. The comparison with Elizabeth Gaskell, a genuine speaking subject, is highly instructive. I draw attention to symmetrical, in the sense of opposite, narrative strategies. Where Dickens begins in journalese, with a gritty, realistic opening that only gradually reveals a Cinderella in the ashes, Gaskell begins with a nursery rhyme, in an actual nursery, but goes on to reveal some rather sordid economic facts. Where Dickens creates a ventriloquist's doll, Gaskell succeeds in creating recognizable, if not always admirable, female voices. I conclude that just as the novel may be read as a real utterance in a real conversation, it is also possible to read the true emergence of women novelists in the 19^th Century as nothing more and nothing less than the creation of the first truly womanly words about women: women as speaking subjects in both senses of the word.