• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.31.1-31.9
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• 2019

Objectives: To compare the formation of dentinal defects using stainless-steel hand K-files (HFs), rotary files, reciprocating files, and Self-Adjusting File (SAF), when used for oval root canals. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty extracted human mandibular premolar with single root and oval canal were selected for this study. Oval canals were confirmed by exposing to mesio-distal and bucco-lingual radiographs. Teeth with open apices or anatomic irregularities were excluded. All selected teeth were de-coronated perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth, leaving roots segments approximately of 16 mm in length. Twenty teeth were left unprepared (control), and the remaining 120 teeth were divided into 6 groups (n = 20) and instrumented using HF (size 40/0.02), Revo-S (RS; size 40/0.06), ProTaper NEXT (PTN; size 40/0.06), WaveOne (WO; size 40/0.09), RECIPROC (RC; size 40/0.06), and the SAF (2 mm). Roots were then sectioned 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex, and observed under stereomicroscope, for presence of dentinal defects. "No defect" was defined as root dentin that presented with no visible microcracks or fractures. "Defect" was defined by microcracks or fractures in the root dentin. Results: The control, HF, and SAF did not exhibit any dentinal defects. In roots instrumented by RS, PTN, WO, and RC files exhibited microcracks (incomplete or complete) in 40%, 30%, 55%, and 50%, respectively. Conclusions: The motor-driven root canal instrumentation with rotary and reciprocating files may create microcracks in radicular dentine, whereas the stainless-steel hand file instrumentation, and the SAF produce minimal or less cracks.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.197-200
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 <네이버 영화> 페이지의 리뷰 데이터를 수집하여, 출현 빈도가 높은 단어를 중심으로 영화 관람객의 반응을 시각화하는 작업을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 총 6편의 영화를 선정하여 데이터 수집 및 정제과정을 거쳤으며, 의미연결망 분석(Semantic network analysis)을 활용하여 단어 간 관계성을 파악하고자 하였다. 데이터 시각화 작업에는 UCINET과 함께 패키지화된 NetDraw가 사용되었다. 본 연구의 시사점은 문장으로 작성된 영화 관람객의 리뷰를 키워드 중심으로 시각화하여, 소비자들의 반응을 한 눈에 확인하는 리뷰 인터페이스 구현이 가능한지 탐색하였다는 점이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.369-383
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• 2023

Seismic resilience (SR) plays a vital role in evaluating and improving performance losses along with saving repair costs of structures from potential earthquakes. To further explore the developments, hotspots, and trend directions of SR, a total of 901 articles are obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) database. CiteSpace software is used to conduct a bibliometric analysis, which indicates an upward trend of publications in SR and explores the relationship of countries, journals, cited references, and keywords based on visual maps and detailed tables. Then, based on the results of the bibliometric analysis, a state-of-the-art review is conducted to further explore the current challenges and trend directions of SR. The trend directions can be divided into five categories: (a) SR assessments of infrastructure structures, (b) multi-hazard quantifications of SR, (c) seismic resilient structures, (d) refining and calibrating analytical models, and (e) multi-criteria decision-making frameworks for sustainability and SR.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

공유 경제의 대표적인 사례 중 하나의 카 쉐어링 서비스는 차량을 공유하여 사용자가 원하는 시간, 장소에서 원하는 만큼 공유하여 사용할 수 있는 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 카 쉐어링 서비스의 시스템이 제공하는 기반적 특성인 희소성과, 시스템 품질, 서비스 품질이 사용자의 평가 요소에 영향을 줄 것이라 가정하고 사용자의 평가를 통하여 사용자의 순 편익을 확인하고자 하였다. 분석결과 희소성의 쿠폰과 시간제한은 사용자 평가 요소인 인지된 사회적 지지와 앱 신뢰에 영향을 주었으나 제한 수량은 영향을 주지 않아 카 쉐어링 서비스에서 수량에 대한 제한은 관련 없는 것으로 나타났다. 시스템 품질의 대부분의 변수들이 인지된 사회적 지지와 앱 신뢰에 영향을 주었다. 사용자 평가는 사용자 만족과 추천의도에 영향을 주었다. 사용자가 얻을 수 있는 순 편익으로써 만족감과 조직적 측면에서의 간접적 성과인 추천 의도가 채택되어 순 편익 변수의 역할을 하였다. 공유경제와 관련된 연구는 주로 탐색적 연구에서 국한하는 점으로 비추어 볼 때 본고에서 언급하고 있는 비즈니스 성공 모델의 적용과 사회적 변수 적용 등 실증적으로 분석했다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.753-759
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• 1999

0.5~4.0mol% 범위의 W $O_3$가 첨가된 ZNR의 미세구조 및 전기적 특성이 조사되어졌다. W $O_3$의 대부분은 입제 교차점으로 편석하여 W 과다상을 형성하였으며, 입계 교차점에는 W 과다상(W $O_3$), Bi 과다상(B $i_2$ $O_3$), 스피넬상(Z $n_{2.33}$S $b_{0.67}$ $O_4$) 등 3상이 공존하였다. W $O_3$첨가량이 증가함에 따라 평균 결정입 크기는 15.5~29.9$\mu\textrm{m}$ 범위로 감소하였으며, W $O_3$는 결정입 성장의 촉진제로 작용하였다. W $O_3$ 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 바리스터 전압과 비직선 지수는 각각 186.82~35.87V/mm, 20.90~3.34 범위로 감소하였고, 누설전류는 22.39 ~ 83.01 $\mu\textrm{A}$ 범위로 증가하였다. W $O_3$ 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 장벽높이와 계면상태밀도는 각각 1.93~0.43eV, (4.38~1.22)$\times$$10^{12}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ 범위로 감소하였으며, 도너 농도는 (1.06~0.38)$\times$$10^{18}$ /㎤ 범위로 감소함에 따라 W $O_3$는 억셉터 첨가제로 작용하였다.다.다.

• Molecular Medicine Reports
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.3903-3911
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• 2019

Female sex steroid hormones, including estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), serve significant physiological roles in pregnancy. In particular, E2 and P4 influence placenta formation, maintain pregnancy and stimulate milk production. These hormones are produced by ovaries, adrenal glands and the placenta, of which the latter is a major endocrine organ during pregnancy. However, the mechanism of hormone production during pregnancy remains unclear. In the present study, the regulation of steroid hormones and steroidogenic enzymes was examined in human placenta according to gestational age. In human placental tissues, expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The mRNA and protein expression of CYP17A1, HSD17B3 and CYP19A1, which are associated with the synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and E2, was elevated at different gestational ages in human placenta. In addition, to evaluate the correlation between serum and placental-produced hormones, steroid hormone levels, including pregnenolone (PG), DHEA, P4, testosterone (T) and E2, were examined in serum and placenta. Serum and placenta expression of DHEA and E2 increased with gestational age, whereas T and P4 were differently regulated in placenta and serum. To confirm the mechanism of steroidogenesis in vitro, placental BeWo cells were treated with E2 and P4, which are the most important hormones during pregnancy. The mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes was significantly altered by E2 in vitro. These results demonstrated that concentration of steroid hormones was differently regulated by steroidogenic enzymes in the placenta depending on the type of the hormones, which may be critical to maintain pregnancy.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used phthalate ester in polyvinyl chloride formulations including food packing and storage of human blood. DEHP is a well known as non-genotoxic carcinogen and endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). DEHP have shown all negative results in ICH-guildeline recommended standard genotoxicity test battery. In this study, to assess the clastogenic and DNA damaging effect in human-derived tissue specific cells, DEHP was treated in human derived MCE-7 cells, HepG2 cells, LNCap cells, BeWo cells, MCE-10A cells, and female peripheral blood cells using micronucleus assay and in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells up to $1.28$\times$10^{-2}$ M using Comet assay. The in vitro micronucleus assay is a mutagenicity test system for the detection of chemicals which induce the formation of small membrane bound DNA fragment i.e. micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells, originated from clastogenic and/or aneugenic mechanism. The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) is used to detect DNA strand-breaks and alkaline labile site. In our results, DEHP increased significantly and/or dose-depentently and time-dependently micronucleus frequency at the 6 and 24 hr without metabolic activation system only in MCE-7 cells. DEHP treated with 2 hrs in MCF-7 cells using Comet assay induced DNA damage dose-depentantly.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.375-388
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ore genesis and occurrence of the Wondong polymetallic mineral deposits. The Pb-Zn, Fe and W-Mo mineralizations are found in skarn zones which formed mainly in or along the fault shear zones with the $N25-40^{\circ}W$ and $N10-50^{\circ}E$ directions, whereas the Cu-Mo mineralization is appeared hydrothermal replacement zone. The skarn minerals consist mainly of garnet and epidote, which were the last alteration phases between pneumatolytic and hydrothermal stages. The mineral paragenesis toward the late stage are as follows: arsenopyrite, scheelite, magnetite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Average ore grades are 0.33 g/t Au, 46.29 g/t Ag, 0.06% Cu, 4.4% Pb, 2.61% Zn and 29.39% Fe in tunnels, and 0.31 % Cu, 0.52% Pb, 6.29% Zn, 29.29% Fe, 0.03% Mo and 0.12% $WO_3$ in drill cores. Fluid inclusion data shows that Type I (liquid-rich), Type II (vapor-rich) and Type III (halite-bearing) inclusions are coexisted and their homogenization temperatures are quite similar. This indicates that boiling conditions have been reached during the mineralization. It is also likely that the ore solutions were evolved through the mixing between magmatic and meteoric waters. Rhyolite and quartz porphyry far the mineralization probably are not responsible of the Wondong polymetallic mineral deposits.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 1997

Tungsten oxide and nickel oxide thin films were deposited onto ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) transparent glass by the E-beam evaporation and were used as a cathode and an anode for the EC(Electrochromic) smart window, respectively. Stoichiometric structures of the deposited films were investigated by the implementation of XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) analysis and the results were $WO_{2.42}$ and $NiO_{0.44}$. This oxygen deficincy might affect affect the transparency of the thin films. The electrolyte for the EC smart windows was PAN-$LiCIO_4$ conducting polymer. EC(Ethylene Carbonate)and PC(Propylene Carbonate) were added as plasticizer to enhance ion conductivity. When the weight ratio of the EC : PC was 3 : 1, transmission difference and cycle life performance were tested. Polymer EC windows showed 40% $\Delta$T at 1.5V operating volage for 3,200 cycles. Structural degradation was observed by the SIMS(Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) analysis and it was confirmed that structural degradation of polymer caused by the solvent evaporation was the main cause to degrade EC smart windows.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.487-496
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 phenothiazine과 benzothiadiazole을 기반으로 하고, phenothiazine의 질소 위치에 다양한 side-chain을 치환한 고분자를 합성하였다. 합성된 고분자는 광학적, 전기화학적 분석 결과 300~700 nm에서 흡수를 보였고, -5.4 eV 정도의 이상적인 HOMO energy level를 갖는 특성을 확인하였다. 고분자와 $PC_{71}BM$을 광활성층으로 사용한 소자를 제작하였고, 측정결과 branched side-chain을 가지며 탄소수가 많은 P2HDPZ-bTP-OBT가 2.4%로 최대 광전변환효율을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다($V_{OC}$ : 0.74 V, $J_{SC}$ : $6.9mA/cm^2$, FF : 48.0%).