• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of general exercise after blood flow restriction on trunk muscles thickness in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: Twenty children with cerebral palsy were assigned randomly to an experimental (n = 10) or a control (n = 10) group. The experimental group performed general exercise after blood flow restriction, while the control group performed general exercise alone. The study used an ultrasonic instrument to measure trunk muscles thickness. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine differences before and after treatment, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences between treatment groups. Results: From a comparison within the groups, the experimental and control groups showed significant difference in trunk muscle thickness after the experiment (p < 0.05). In a comparison between the two groups, the experimental group showed more significant difference in trunk muscle thickness than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, general exercise after blood flow restriction effectively improves trunk muscle thickness in children with cerebral palsy.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.123-144
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate affection on how users perceive colors viewed from an automotive visual display according to cultural and radical differences including North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This study especially aims to identify effects of the variation of tone and chroma of representative color groups by analyzing affection differences depending on cultural and racial differences targeting the colors constituted through variation of tone and chroma, centered on representative colors. Background: The colors of the menu, information display or background viewed through an automotive visual display are an important factor stimulating consumer's affection, and therefore an effort to express the vehicle's brand and product image through colors is made. The studies on colors focus only on the research on unique characteristics of colors, but an affective approach lacks according to cultural and racial differences on colors considering tone and chroma variation within a color from the currently used automotive visual displays. Method: To grasp the visual affection felt by users, this study extracted affective adjectives related with colors through existing literature and a dictionary for adjectives, and presented human affection dimensions on colors through evaluation of various colors. Prior to carrying out affection evaluation, the basic light sources, red (R), green (G), and blue (B) constituting the colors used for automotive visual displays were defined as a representative color group, respectively. When colors in a color group are constituted, the evaluation target of each color group consisted of the colors considering the variation of tone and chroma by changing color sense through RGB values of the remaining two light sources. And then, this study carried out affection evaluation on the constituted colors targeting the subjects with cultural and racial differences. Results: As a result of evaluating the constituted colors with representative affections, there were statistically significant differences between the groups having cultural and racial differences. As a result of S-N-K post-hoc analysis on the colors showing significant differences, North America and Europe were classified as heterogeneous groups. In some cases, Korea was classified as the homogeneous group with North America, but Korea was mainly classified as the homogenous group with Europe. Conclusion: The representative affections on colors from an automotive visual display was drawn as three affective dimensions: passionate, neat, and masculine. Based on these, the affection of Korea and Europe on the constituted colors showed significant differences from that of North America, as a result of affection evaluation on the constituted colors viewed through the visual display by reflecting cultural and racial factors. Regarding representative color groups, bigger cultural and racial differences were revealed in terms of affection on red and green colors than on blue color, and variation of affection was the biggest in the red color. Application: This study analyzed correlations of affection considering the colors constituted through variation of tone and chroma, and the culture and race in the representative color groups constituting a visual display. The results of this study are predicted to be utilized in coordination and selection of colors viewed from an automotive visual display taking into account culture and race.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.86-95
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• 2022

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ultra-thin microcurrent patch application on pain, tenderness, trunk flexion, and trunk extension in patients with back pain. Design: pretest-posttest design: single blind. Methods: Thirty men and women diagnosed with chronic back pain were classified into 15 microcurrent application groups and 15 placebo groups. Changes in pain were observed on a visual analog scale, tenderness was observed with a digital tenderness meter, and changes in trunk flexion and trunk extension angles were evaluated with a posture analyzer. The paired t-test was used to see the changes within each group before and one week after the experiment, and the independent t-test was used to see the change in the difference between the groups, and the significance level was 0.05. Results: In both the experimental group and the control group, there was a significant difference in pain within and between groups(p<0.05). In the experimental group, there were significant differences in the intra- and inter-group changes in the erector spinae muscle tenderness and low back pain disorder index(p<0.05). In the experimental group, there was a significant difference in the change in trunk flexion and extension within the group(p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it was confirmed that the application of ultra-thin microcurrent was effective for pain, tenderness, and movement of back extension in patients with low back pain. It is expected that it will be used as a basic data for microcurrent therapy and as a treatment method for improving the function of patients with back pain in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine how a manual therapy (joint mobilization and flexion-distraction technique) would affect pain and function with the chronic low back pain. Methods: Thirty patients were assigned to either the experimental group (n=15) or the control group (n=15). Patients in the experimental group performed joint mobilization and flexion-distraction technique. Patients in the control group performed spinal decompression therapy. Both exercises were performed for three days per week, for a period of six weeks. Pain was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and functional disability was measured using the Oswestry disability index (ODI). A paired t-test was used for identify differences before and after treatment, and an independent t-test was used to identify differences between treatment groups. Results: In the within group comparison, the experimental group and control group differed significantly for all variables (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in any variables between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The above results confirmed that it is necessary to confirm the various benefits of therapy with the joint mobilization and the flexion-distraction technique. The findings of the concerned study will be useful to doctors applying therapy to treat patients with the chronic low back pain.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.706-712
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics of bread with added saltwort powder in the amounts of 0%, 3% 5% and 7% based on the wheat flour weight The results were as follows. The 7% group had the lowest water content and the highest content of ash and protein. There were no significant differences in fat content between any samples. There were also no significant differences in dough weight between samples, but after baking, the control showed the lowest weight. Baking loss increased with increasing amounts of saltwort powder. The bread volume was the highest with the control group, and its specific volume decreased as the ratio of saltwort increased. By the color difference meter, the L value became lower as the ratio of saltwort powder increased, and the saltwort powder groups had higher a and b values than the control group did. Hardness was at a minimum in the control group, and it increased with increasing amounts saltwort powder. There were no differences in springness between samples. Cohesiveness tended to decrease, and chewiness an brittleness increased. with increasing amounts of saltwort powder. In sensory tests, the 3% group showed the highest color, flavor, and taste. Aircell sizes were greatest with the control group. The higher the ratio of saltwort powder, the higher the aircell size became. Softness was the highest within the 3% group, as was the overall preference.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.69-78
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stair exercise and Kegel combined exercise on the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and limits of stability (LOS). Methods : 23 female students participated in this experiment. MVV was measured with a spirometer. The LOS was measured with a Biorescue. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. 12 subjects were assigned to the experimental group and 11 subjects were assigned to the control group. The experimental group performed 5 minutes of stair exercise and 5 minutes of Kegel exercise. The control group performed 10 minutes of stair exercise. After 5 minutes of exercise, 1 minute of rest was provided. Both groups exercised for 5 minutes according to the metronome beat 130 during the stair exercise. After 5 minutes of rest after exercise, MVV and LOS were measured again in the same way. The measurement sequence was also randomly alternated. Results : Significant differences were found within and between groups in the experimental group in MVV (p<.05). In LOS, significant differences were confirmed in left, right, forward, backward, and total LOS in the experimental group (p<.05). In the control group, there were significant differences in left, forward, and total LOS (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups (p>.05). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that the stairs and Kegel combined exercise had a positive effect on MVV and LOS. However, in the short term, it was found that the stair and Kegel combined exercise was insufficient in time and the threshold of exercise to show the difference between groups in LOS. Therefore, additional research should be conducted by modifying the limitations of this study.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes following conventional tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) between adolescents and adults. Methods: Dentoskeletal and soft tissue variables of 17 adolescents and 17 adults were analyzed on posteroanterior and lateral cephalograms and frontal photographs at pretreatment (T1) and after conventional RME using tooth-borne expanders (T2). Changes in variables within each group between T1 and T2 were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the differences in the pretreatment age, expansion and post-expansion durations, and dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes after RME between the groups. Spearman's correlation between pretreatment age and transverse dentoskeletal changes in the adolescent group was calculated. Results: Despite similar amounts of expansion at the crown level in both groups, the adult group underwent less skeletal expansion with less intermolar root expansion after RME than the adolescent group. The skeletal vertical dimension increased significantly in both groups without significant intergroup difference. The anteroposterior position of the maxilla was maintained in both groups, while a greater backward displacement of the mandible was evident in the adult group than that in the adolescent group after RME. The soft tissue alar width increased in both groups without a significant intergroup difference. In the adolescent group, pretreatment age was not significantly correlated with transverse dentoskeletal changes. Conclusions: Conventional RME may induce similar soft tissue changes but different dentoskeletal changes between adolescents and adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.31-37
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• 1975

The effect of dietary restriction was obserbed in Albino rats. Dietary restriction was at 2 levels: 10%, 20%, 30 males and same number of females of Albino rats, aged $30{\sim}40$ days were devided into following 6 groups, 5 rats each. 1 group; rice standard group 2 group; 10% restriction of rice standard 3 group; 20% restriction of rice standard 4 group; 65% rice+35% chinese cabbage group 5 group; 10% restriction of 65% rice+35% chinese cabbage 6 group; 20% restriction of 65% rice+35% chinese cabbage The rats were kept in individual cage and given 6 different diet for 7 weeks. The results of this study were elucidated as follow. 1. Final body weight was not obserbed any significant differences between non-restriction group and 10% restriction group, but 20% restriction group revealed the decrease of body weight. 2. According to dietary restriction, final organ weight was almost decreased in the restriction group of rice+chinese cabbage, and in rice standard group, there were no significants differences between none-restriction group and 10% restriction group, but organ weight was sharply decreased such as Liver, Heart, Kidney, Adrenal, Spleen in 20% restriction group. Sex organ weight of female was increased but weight of male was decreased in 20% restriction group of rice standard group. 3. The result of biochemical analysis such as nitrogen retention, serum cholesterol, glucose of urine, feces, and serum, and lipid of feces and liver, was not revealed any significant diffences, but in 20% restriction group, urinary glucose and serum glucose levels were somewhat decreased, and liver nitrogen level was increased. 4. Therefore there is no effect on albino rats by 10% restricted diet. It can be concluded that it is possible to restrict the diet within 10%.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2018

PURPOSE. To determine the discrepancy in monolithic zirconium dioxide crowns made with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems by comparing scans of silicone impressions and of master casts. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From a Cr-Co master die of a first upper left molar, 30 silicone impressions were taken. The 30 silicone impressions were scanned with the laboratory scanner, thus obtaining 30 milled monolithic yttrium stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZD) crowns (the silicone group). They were poured and the working models were scanned, obtaining 30 milled monolithic yttrium stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZD) crowns (the plaster group). Three predetermined points were analyzed in each side of the crown (Mesial, Distal, Vestibular and Palatal), and the marginal fit was evaluated with SEM (${\times}600$). The response variable is the discrepancy from the master model. A repeated measures ANOVA with two within subject factors was performed to study significance of main factors and interaction. RESULTS. Mean marginal discrepancy was $22.42{\pm}35.65{\mu}m$ in the silicone group and $8.94{\pm}14.69{\mu}m$ in the plaster group. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two groups and also among the four aspects. Interaction was also significant (P=.02). CONCLUSION. The mean marginal fit values of the two groups were within the clinically acceptable values. Significant differences were found between the groups according to the aspects studied. Various factors influenced the accuracy of digitizing, such as the design, the geometry, and the preparation guidance, as well as the texture, roughness and the color of the scanned material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of the confusion level in performing dual tasks using smartphones while walking in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Twenty subjects with CAI and 20 healthy subjects participated in the study. The spatial, temporal, spatial-temporal, and variability gait parameters were measured using GAITRite under four different conditions: general gait, web surfing during gait, texting during gait, and gaming during gait. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the interaction according to the group (2) and confusion level in dual-tasks (4). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the changes within the group according to the confusion level in dual-tasks. The changes between groups were compared using an independent t-test. The statistical significance level was set to p = .05. RESULTS: Significant interactions in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found between the dual-task conditions and the other groups (p < .05). Significant within-group differences in the spatial, temporal, and spatial-temporal gait parameters were found according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). Significant between-group differences were observed in the temporal and spatial-temporal gait parameters according to the confusion level in dual tasks (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The effect of the confusion level in dual tasks was greater in subjects with CAI than in healthy individuals. This study suggests that to prevent reinjury to the ankle, subjects with CAI should avoid dual tasks such as using smartphones while walking.