• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.736-742
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• 2016

Wooden dowels are commonly used to join the wooden members together in many types of structures, But little information is available concerning their holding properties in domestic wood. This study was performed to determine the withdrawal loads and strengths on the effect of diameter of dowel and hole clearance. The test block was manufactured from 15 mm thick korean red pine and korean pine. The dowel was manufactured 6, 8 and 10 mm diameters from korean castanea, korean pine and tuliptree. Research reported here indicates that withdrawal loads increase, but withdrawal strengths decrease, in a linear fashion as the dowel diameter increases. This study also indicates that dowel withholding load and strength increase in a linear fashion as a hole clearance decreases.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the factors influencing attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST) in adolescents. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire was administered to 185 adolescents. Data were analyzed based on t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression using the IBM SPSS 20.0. Statistical package. Results: There was a negative correlation between attitudes toward WLST and respect for life (r=-.188, p=.010). Knowing about life-sustaining treatment (β=-0.30, p<.001), experience of WLST education (β=0.21, p=.003), experience of respect for life education (β=-0.16, p=.021), and experience of death (family or acquaintance) (β=-0.13, p=.039) explained 16.7% (F=8.39, p<.001) of the variance in attitudes toward WLST. The respect for life did not affect attitudes toward WLST (β=-0.07, p=.347). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that WLST in adolescents is different from that of adults. Further research is needed to develop strategies for sound and positive attitudes toward WLST in adolescents.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.272-279
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• 2011

Root colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 induces systemic tolerance against diverse pathogens, as well as drought and salt stresses. In this study, we demonstrated that 11 genes in the leaves were up-regulated, and 5 genes were down-regulated as the result of three- to five-days root colonization by P. chlororaphis O6. The identified priming genes were involved in cell signaling, transcription, protein synthesis, and degradation. In addition, expression of selected priming genes were induced in P. chlororaphis O6-colonized plants subjected to water withholding. Genes encoding defense proteins in signaling pathways regulated by jasmonic acid and ethylene, such as VSP1 and PDF1.2, were additional genes with enhanced expression in the P. chlororaphis O6-colonized plants. This study indicated that the expression of priming genes, as well as genes involved in jasmonic acid- and ethylene-regulated genes may play an important role in the systemic induction of both abiotic and biotic stress due to root colonization by P. chlororaphis O6.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.31-62
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• 2017

It found that employee silence negatively impacts both organizations and their employees as shown in findings from many studies and recently there has been a growing interest in it. Silence is described as intentionally withholding job-related ideas, information, concerns, and opinions. Employee silence may decrease organizational change and innovation and reduce employee learning motivation and knowledge sharing engagement as well. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among silence motivations, perceived silence climate, and employee silence; the relationships among employee silence, learning inertia and knowledge sharing disengagement; the mediating role of employee silence between antecedents of employee silence and consequences additionally. The results that analyzed using data from 225 employees in 42 organizations are as follows. First, the impact of silence motivation and perceived silence climate on employee silence are positively significant. Second, the influence of defensive silence motivation on the acquiescent and relational silence motivation is positively significant. Third, the influence of employee silence on learning inertia and knowledge sharing disengagement is positively significant. Forth, employee silence mediates the relationship between silence motivation and perceived silence climate and learning inertia and knowledge sharing disengagement. These results suggest that employee silence is another strong expression and message for organizations to try to establish a learning organization from the perspective of knowledge management.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.156-169
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• 2015

Purpose: This study identified the reasons why tuberculosis (TB) patients withhold treatment in a bid to develop a assessment scale to select patients who needs nursing intervention in the early stage and decrease the risk of discontinuation of treatment. Sample: There were two samples. A sample of 191 patients with TB and having primary treatment and a second sample of N who were under re-treatment Methods: The study design included qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data were collected from in-depth interviews of TB patients under re-treatment. The quantitative data were collected from 191 patients with TB under primary treatment. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed 11 factors explaining 69.6% of total variance. These factors were categorized into four subgroups. A depression scale was used to establish concurrent validity. The depression scale had a positive relationship (r=54) with the discontinuing of primary treatment. The internal consistency reliability for the four subgroups was over .84. The confidence coefficient was Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ .95. The final scale was a self-reported four Likert scale including 50 items. Conclusion: Reliability and validity was established for the scale and the scale can be used to examine the risk of treatment discontinuation for TB. The scale is an important resource for nursing interventions in identifying and treating high risk clients.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2018

Comparative drought resistances of 11 perennial warm-season turfgrasses were evaluated in the field after withholding irrigation for 48 days in summer I and 57 days in summer II. There were significant variations among the grasses in their drought resistances. From two years study of field shoot recovery from drought stress, the relative rankings among the 11 warm-season turfgrasses was as follows. 'Arizona Common' and 'Texturf 10' bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], 'Tifgreen' hybrid bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers. ${\times}$ C. transvaalensis Davy], and 'Georgia Common' centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Mack.] possessed good drought resistances, whereas 'Texas Common' St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and 'Tifway' hybrid bermudagrass [Cyndon dactylon (L.) Pers ${\times}$ C. transvaalensis Davy] possessed poor drought resistances. 'Texas Common' buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge.), and 'Adalayd' seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), 'Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), 'Emerald' zoysiagrass (Z. japonica Steud. ${\times}$ Z. tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin.) were found to rank intermediate. Visual leaf firing showed the highest correlation (r=-0.84) to shoot recovery from drought stress. Visual leaf rolling (r=-0.59) and canopy-air temperature differential (r=-0.64) also showed very significant correlations, whereas leaf water potential (r=0.54) showed relatively lower correlation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2001

To assess resistance of transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts to water stress, changes in leaf water potential, turgor potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were measured. Leaf water potential in all plants remained high up to day 4 after withholding water but thereafter decreased markedly. In spite of a remarkable decrease in leaf water potential, some of transgenic plants maintained higher turgor potential compared with control plant on day 12. In particular, the transgenic plant expressing MnSOD showed an outstanding maintenance in turgor pressure by osmotic adjustment throughout the experiment, resulting in high stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. However, among transgenic plants, osmotic potential was reduced more effectively in multiple transformants such as the double transformant expressing both MnSOD and APX, and the triple transformant expressing CuznSOD, MnSOD and APX than single transformants. Consequently, further research is needed to get general agreement on the tolerance of transgenic plants to water stress at different growth stages for each transgenic plant.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.173-179
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• 2016

Leaf water and osmotic potential, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and electrolyte leakage were measured to evaluate tolerance to water stress in wild-type (WT) and transgenic tobacco plants (TR) expressing copper/zink superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts. Leaf water potential of both WT and TR plants decreased similarly under water stress condition. However, leaf osmotic potential of TR plants more negatively decreased in the process of dehydration, compared with WT plants, suggesting osmotic adjustment. Stomatal conductance (Gs) in WT plants markedly decreased from the Day 4 after withholding water, while that in TR plants retained relatively high values. Relatively low chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate under water stress were shown in WT plants since $4^{th}$ day after treatment. In particular, damage indicated by electrolyte leakage during water stress was higher in WT plants than in TR plants. On the other hand, SOD and APX activity was remarkably higher in TR plants. These results indicate that transgenic tobacco plants expressing copper/zink superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts improve tolerance to water stress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 2015

Soil moisture shortage can reduce yield of waxy corn because maize is one of the sensitive crops to the drought stress. Farmers cannot irrigate due to limited water resource and irrigating facilities although applying water is the most effective practice to solve the drought problem. The study was conducted to investigate the pre-treatment effect of salicylic acid on reducing drought damage of waxy corn (Zea mays L.). Salicylic acid at concentration of 0.2 mM was applied at seven-leaf stage or ten-leaf stage three times. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation from 11 days before anthesis to 10 days after anthesis. Application of salicylic acid significantly increased ear length by 11.0~12.3% and yield by 8.8~11.3% compared with non-treated control, indicating that the drought injuries of waxy corn can be alleviated through pre-treatment of salicylic acid at the vegetative stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2001

Water deficit is a serious constraint to soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] production in rainfed regions of Asia, Africa, and America. This study was conducted to develop a simple and effective screening method for drought tolerance in soybean. Fifteen soybean cultivars, eight identified to be drought-tolerant and seven drought-sensitive in previous studies, were used for the evaluation of drought tolerance under the new screening conditions. The seedling screening method was consisted of a treatment in a PEG solution and drought treatment in parafilm-layered pots. 5-day-old seedlings were treated in a 18% PEG solution for 4 days and their wilting and hypocotyl browning were recorded. Three seedlings grown in a parafilm-layered pot containing peat moss were drought-stressed by withholding water from the third day after seedling emergence, and root and seedling growth were examined. Degree of drought tolerance were rated based on seedling vigor in the PEG solution and drought-stressed parafilm-layered pots, and also on the penetration ability of roots through parafilm layer. Most of seedlings of the drought-tolerant cultivars showed higher vigour and root penetration than those of the drought-sensitive cultivars under the new screening conditions. Our results indicate that the new method can be used as a simple and effective screening procedure for drought tolerance in soybean breeding programs.