• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.164-168
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• 2006

본 연구는 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 기상, 지하수 취수, 토지이용 변화에 대한 건기 총유출량의 민감도를 제시하였으며 더 나아가 보다 일반적인 건기의 총 유출량을 추정하기 위해 건기 총강우량, 전 우기 총강우량, 평균 일 최대온도, 일평균 태양복사량과 같은 기상 변수들과 지하수 취수량 및 도시면적 비율을 이용하여 회귀식을 도출하였다. 도출된 식을 이용하여 기후변화에 대한 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 온도와 강우량의 변화에 대한 건기 총유출량의 변화율을 제시하였는데 기후변화로 인해 온도가 $1^{\circ}C$ 상승할 경우 7.7%, $2^{\circ}C$ 상승시 17.1%, $3^{\circ}C$ 상승할 경우 27.9%의 건기의 총 유출량은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또 건기 총 강우량이 5% 감소할 경우 유출량은 5.63%, 10% 감소할 경우에는 10.41%, 15% 감소할 경우는 14.25% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 지하수 취수량은 총 유출량과 관계가 높은데 반해 토지이용 변화는 산간유역인 대상유역의 경우 크게 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 식은 기저유출에 영향을 크게 미치는 강우와 기온 및 태양복사량을 포함하는 기상상태, 지하수 취수량, 도시면적 비율을 변수로 갖는 식이므로 대상유역에 대해 미래 건기의 수자원 확보량을 예측하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 1988

The seasonal pattern of pool size and withdrawal from senescing or stroage organ, and the annual magintude of internal-and plant-soil cycles for nitrogen and phosphorus in a Glyceria leptolepis Ohwi population in a marsh of the Mt. Geumoh were investigared. The population pool changed from initial size of 6.8 to the maximum of 16.1gN$m^{-2}$ for N and from 1.7 to 3.9g Pm$m^{-2}$ for P, maintaining far higher relative pool size during the first half of the growth period as compared with that for biomass. A sharp increase in N and P pool was noticed in early spring before the biomass growth was recognized, The major process supplying the demand for N and P changed as the growth progressed showing the order; absorption-withdrwal-absorption-with-drawal. The annual magnitude of plant-soil cycle for N and P was 18.0-19.1 and 2.9-3.3gm$m^{-2}$, accounting for 3 and 5% of each nutrient pool in 0-20 cm humus layer, respectively. The higher exent of internal cycle and the lower rate of annual turnover for P(1.08) as compared with those for N may suggest that this population conserves and reuses P more efficiently than N.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others'. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one's choice by free will.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2008

Parallux, a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay (SPFIA) developed for detection antibiotics residue in milk, was applied for analysis of antibiotics in muscle tissue of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), and red sea bream (Pagrus major). Fishes were dipped in neomycin 140 mg/ton water, the recommended therapeutic dose, for 24 h. Muscle samples were obtained on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after drug treatment. The concentration of neomycin in muscle was determined using an internal standard (100 ppb as neomycin). The absorbance ratio of sample to internal standard (S/C) was employed as an index to determine the muscle residues in fishes. To investigate the recovery rate, the standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in muscle of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were > 85% of the spiked value. Neomycin was detected in muscles of fishes treated after the 1st day of withdrawal period. On the 2nd day after drug treatment, all muscle samples showed negative reaction (S/C ration ${\leq}$ 1.0). The present study showed that the SPFIA can be applied for predicting residues of neomycin in muscle tissues of farmed fishes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.686-691
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• 2005

Prolactin is considered to influence the taking of pauses in between ovulatory sequences in White Leghorn hens. Therefore modulating concentrations of prolactin using bromocriptine - a dopamine agonist during early life (17 to 36 weeks of age) could overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentration of prolactin on ovarian activity. The effect of modulation of prolactin concentration on egg production, sequence length and inter sequence pauses were studied by analyzing the oviposition records from 19 to 72 weeks were studied and compared with untreated controls. Bromocriptine administered subcutaneously (100 $\mu$g kg$^{-1}$ body weight or orally through feed (640 $\mu$g day$^{-1}$ bird$^{-1}$) resulted in a steady and sustained decrease in prolactin levels (p<0.01) during and after the withdrawal of treatment up to one reproductive cycle (72 weeks of age). The treated birds had comparatively longer sequences (p<0.01) and fewer pauses (p<0.01). Egg production increased (p<0.01) by fourteen per cent through subcutaneous administration and eleven per cent through oral feeding, over the control birds. It is concluded that the physiological pauses that occur during ovulatory sequences can be disrupted effectively using bromocriptine. Prolactin levels are modulated which may interfere with the follicular recruitment and subsequent oviposition thereby improve egg laying potential of the bird.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

Cardiovascular, respiratory and electrodermal responses to acute stress episodes modeled by combined presentation of intense white noise and performance of word recognition task with noise background were studied in 15 college students. Experimental procedure consisted in sessions with white noise, word recognition task presentation with noise background and test with noise background. Recorded physiological variables were analyzed in terms of their sensitivity to detect activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of autonomic nervous system and thus reflect autonomic arousal level during shout-term stress-inducing experimental manipulations. It was shown that performance of effortful mental task with noise background elicited significant physiological responses typical for active coping behavior, namely electrodermal arousal and increased cardiovascular activity. this response profile was more profound as compared to white noise only or attending task in noise background. However, all physiological responses were mostly phasic, without long-term tonic changes, since almost all variables recovered to their initial baseline levels, suggesting that dominant autonomic mechanisms in transient acute stress episodes were of parasympathetic nature (withdrawal in stress with subsequent activation in restoration period), while sympathetic contribution was not long-lasting. Nevertheless, increased number of stressors and their longer exposure may result in higher profile of tonic sympathetic arousal and reduced functional role of vagal mechanisms in autonomic balance regulation.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.141-148
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• 2003

Customer retention is a common concern for many industries and a critical issue for the survival in today's greatly compressed marketplace. Current customer retention models only focus on detection of potential defectors based on the likelihood of defection by using demographic and customer profile information. In this paper, we propose a dynamic procedure for defection detection and prevention using past and current customer behavior by utilizing SOM and Markov chain. The basic idea originates from the observation that a customer has a tendency to change his behavior (i.e. trim-out his usage volumes) before his eventual withdrawal. This gradual pulling out process offers the company the opportunity to detect the defection signals. With this approach, we have two significant benefits compared with existing defection detection studies. First, our procedure can predict when the potential defectors could withdraw and this feature helps to give marketing managers ample lead-time for preparing defection prevention plans. The second benefit is that our approach can provide a procedure for not only defection detection but also defection prevention, which could suggest the desirable behavior state for the next period so as to lower the likelihood of defection. We applied our dynamic procedure for defection detection and prevention to the online gaming industry. Our suggested procedure could predict potential defectors without deterioration of prediction accuracy compared to that of the MLP neural network and DT.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.687-703
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• 2019

A survey we conducted suggests that the ingestion of veterinary drug residues in edible animal parts constitutes a potential health hazard for its consumers, including, specifically, the possibility of developing multidrug resistance, carcinogenicity, and disruption of intestinal normal microflora. The survey results indicated that antibiotics, parasitic drugs, anticoccidial, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are broadly used, and this use in livestock is associated with the appearance of residues in various animal products such as milk, meat, and eggs. We observed that different cooking procedures, heating temperatures, storage times, fermentation, and pH have the potential to decrease drug residues in animal products. Several studies have reported the use of thermal treatments and sterilization to decrease the quantity of antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, macrolides, and sulfonamides, in animal products. Fermentation treatments also decreased levels of penicillin and pesticides such as dimethoate, malathion, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and lindane. pH, known to influence decreases in cloxacillin and oxacillin levels, reportedly enhanced the dissolution of antimicrobial drug residues. Pressure cooking also reduced aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan in animal products. Therefore, this review provides updated information on the control of drug residues in animal products, which is of significance to veterinarians, livestock producers, and consumer health.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.270-280
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• 1994

This study was conducted to evaluate the repeated dose toxicity of DA-3030, a recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor(rhG-CSF), in rats. DA-3030 was administered intravenously once a day for 4 weeks to 20 males and 20 females per group at doses of 0(control), 115 and 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and to 15 males and 15 females per group at doses of 1.15 and 11.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. After the administration period, 5 males and 5 females per group in the 0,115 and 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups were placed on withdrawal for 2 weeks. Through-out the study, all the rats survived. The administration of DA-3030 induced, a marked increase in the number of peripheral neutrophils, elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and splenomegaly in the rats of both sexes receiving 115 or 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. Histopathologic examination revealed extramedullary granulopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increase in the number of activated macrophages in spleen in rats of both sexes in 115 and 115 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups, and increased M/E ratio in 11.5, 115 and 1150$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups. Most of the changes produced by DA-3030 were thought to be attributable to exaggerated pharmacological effect of the drug, and subsided or disappeared after the recovery period. Under the present condition, no effect dose of DA-3030 is estimated at 1.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was to identify the stop-out experiences of Korean Medicine Students(K.M.S.). The stop-out is defined as a withdrawal temporarily from enrollment at a university. Methods : Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews from 2013 to 2016 and analyzed with Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. The participants were interviewed once or twice, for 30minutes to 50minutes per interview. Results : Ten theme-clusters were identified from 21 themes. These theme-clusters were divided to 4 divisions as when they made the decision for the stop-out, during their stop-out period, when they went back to school and the meaning of their stop-out. 'A difficult situation to continue the study', 'Uncertainty about their decision and anxiety of the future' are 2 theme-clusters for when they made the decision for the stop-out, 'Conflict and anxiety', 'Novel and free time', 'Improving family relationship and finding new relationship' are 3 theme-clusters for during their stop-out period, 'Anxiety for the returning to school', 'New relationship and sense of relief' are 2 theme-clusters for when they went back to school, and 'Making a present for me', 'An opportunity for the emotional growth', 'Recovery of learning will' are 3 theme-clusters for the meaning of their stop-out that they gave to it. Conclusions : The stop - out of K.M.S. began at the hope that they want to take the lead for their lives. And they would find themselves more mature after the experience of their stop-out. This result could be a basic reference for the counselling of the faculty working with K.M.S.