• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1015-1025
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• 2021

Our research work aimed to evaluate cover crop effects of winter rye on soil characteristics, soil conservation, and yield productivities on potato fields with 15% slope during a fallowed period. There were two controls of bared field without any cultivation and conventional potato cultivation without winter rye. Potato cultivation increased soil pH, organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation regardless of cover crop cultivation. Sub-soil, particularly, all components of soil chemical properties showed higher value in winter rye cultivation than conventional cultivation. Higher soil density was observed on cover crop cultivation than conventional cultivation resulting from root residues of the cover crop both topsoil and subsoil. Cover crop residues positively affected plant growth and reduced the amount of soil erosion by holding the soil. Although severe soil erosion was seen in conventional cultivation, winter rye cultivation declined soil erosion by 47% during the fallow period on potato slope fields. Distinct soil bacterial communities were detected among treatments and some OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit)s showed significantly higher abundance in winter rye treatment. Total yield and commercial rate demonstrated no significant differences while higher tuber phosphate, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents were observed in winter rye cultivation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1987

These experiments were conducted at the upland of Livestock Farm, Seoul National University, Suweon to determine the growth characteristics, winter-hardiness and forage yield of selected southern and northern-types of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) in comparison with the Korean native rye over two seasons, 1977-78 and 1980-8 1. During the 1977-78 season, most southern-type rye varieties except Explorer and Abruzzi headed 2 to 6 days earlier than the Korean native rye and 6 to 10 days earlier than northerntype rye varieties Rymin and Puma, while in 1980-81 southern-type rye varieties headed 5 to 7 days earlier than the Korean native rye, therefore, the Korean native rye seemed to be medium in maturity. There were no significant differences in winter-hardiness among different rye varieties with the exception of the lowest winter survivals of Wintergrazer 70, Explorer and triticale, and Gator, Explorer and Florida Black during the 1977-78 and 1980-8 1 seasons, respectively. Southern-type rye varieties tended to yield more forage than northern-type and the Korean native rye varieties when harvest was made in the later part of April. During 1977-78 season, Vita-Graze, Elbon and Athens Abruzzi rye varieties produced significantly more forage than the Korean native rye, but in 1980-81 Wrens Abruzzi rye produced significantly more forage than the Korean native rye. Based on the results of the two seasons, southern-type rye varieties,Vita-Graze, Athens Abruzzi, Elbon and Wrens Abruzzi could be recommended as a source of green forage for livestock in April in middle-northern parts of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2023

This research was conducted to analyze the cultivation performance and meteorological data of winter rye in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, and Daegu for 11 years. The objective was to compare the growth and yield of domestically cultivated Korean rye cultivar "Gogu" and identify the factors influencing them, to determine suitable cultivation areas for Korean rye cultivar in the country. The results of the study showed that both Daegu and Suwon regions possess favorable climatic conditions for winter rye cultivation, with Suwon exhibiting a superior moisture supply compared to Daegu. Furthermore, the analysis of climate suitability revealed that rainfall days and precipitation were significant factors affecting rye cultivation. Through correlation and principal component analysis, the research evaluated the interrelationship between climate, cultivation factors, and winter rye crop performance, as well as identified variations among winter rye cultivation regions. This study provides valuable insights and information for winter rye cultivation in the country, thereby assisting in the decision-making process for selecting optimal cultivation areas.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 1993

This study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the effects of winter annual forage corps such as winter rye (Secale cereale L.), rape (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera L.), oats (Auena satiua L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), vetch (Vicia satiua L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolim multiflorum Lam.) on subsequent growth, yield and quality of silage corn (Zea mays L.). The winter annual forage crops were seeded at the end of August and harvested in the fall and spring before corn planting. Corn-leaf numbers, plant heights and LA1 were generally reduced during early development when corn followed Italian ryegrass(P<0.05) and winter rye, but the silking date of corn was not affected by the winter annual forage crops. Corn dry matter and TDN yields were significantly reduced when corn followed Italian ryegrass and late maturing Kodiak winter rye. The yield reductions for corn following Italian ryegrass and Kodiak winter rye, relative to corn which did not follow the winter annual forage crops, were 49 and 19% respectively. but the corn yield was slightly improved by 2 and 3%, respectively. when corn followed crimson clover and vetch. No quality differences in corn stover were observed among the treatments except for the lowest ADF and NDF contents and the highest IVDMD where corn followed ltaliabn ryegrass.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the grazing performance of dairy cattle for winter rye, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and oat including of rape in Hwa seong-gun, Kyeonggido, from 1993 to 1994. Each crops were utilized from the stage of 8-leaves to late blooming for sorghum-sudangrass, and from final leaves to soft dough for winter rye and oat plant. Under three different cropping system of winter rye-sorghum x sudangrass, spring oat-sorghum X sudangrass-autumn oat, and silage corn-autumn oat, a succeshl hehage production was available for grazing performance from April 26 to December 15, continuously. Annual dry matter yields for grazing allowance were 26.1 tontha in average of all cropping system. Autumn oat rnixtured with rape showed the highest herbage utilization with 91.6% grazing intensity and the lowest in sorghum-sudangrass with a value of 60.6- 69.1 %. Labor investment for herbage production were 805 hour in the cutting management and 339 hour per hectar in the grazing utilization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.209-213
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• 2014

This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of chemical and fermentation parameters of whole crop winter rye silages. A representative population of 216 fresh winter rye silages was used as database for studying the possibilities of NIRS to predict chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680~2,500 nm and the optical data recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in fresh condition. NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. NIRS analysis of fresh winter rye silages provided accurate predictions of moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and pH as well as lactic acid content with correlation coefficients of cross-validation ($R^2cv$) of 0.96, 0.86, 0.79, 0.85, 0.82 and 0.78 respectively and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 1.89, 2.02, 2.79, 1.14, 1.47 and 0.46 % DM respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the chemical parameters of winter rye silages as routine analysis method in feeding value evaluation and for farmer advice.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 1992

A 2-year neld study was conducted to compare the influence of harvesting datrs on agronomie characteristlcs, forage yield and quality of four winter rye (fecafe cereofe L.) cultivars at the experi-mental fold of Livestock Farm, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suwon.All rye rultlvars were winter hardy. Winter more and Elbon were upright in growth and early inmaturity with tall plant height, while Korean native and Kodiak were semi-prostrate and prostrate,respectively in growth and later in maturity with shorter height.Dry matter yields of Winter more and Elbon were significantly higher those of Korean native andKodiak harvested in early In 1985 and 1986. There were no slgnincant differences in dry matter yieldof the rye cultivars harvested in late in 1985, but Winter more and Elbon were signifcantly higherforage yield than the two other cultivars harvested in late in 1986.Crude protein (CP) concentrations of Korean native and Kodiak were signifcantly higher thanthose of Winter more and Elbon harvested in both early and late in 1986.There were no significant differences in tu uifro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the rye col-tivars harvested in early in 1986, but those of Korfan native and Kodiak were signiHcantly lligher thanthe two other cultivars harvested in late.CP and IVDDM yields of Winter more and Elbon were significantly higher than those of Koreannative and Kodiak harvested in early in 1986. but no signiFcant differences were round among the ryeco]tivars haryested In late.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of winter forage crops cultivated after rice harvest in the central inland region. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 species (Rye, Oat, Triticale and Italian ryegrass), and varieties were "Marton", "Donghan", "Shinyoung" and "Kowinnearly", respectively. As a result, dry matter yield and TDN yield were higher in rye than in the other winter forage crops, and lowest in Oat(p<0.05). Crude protein and crude fat content were significantly higher in Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). However, Crude ash and ADF content did not show significant difference among winter forage crops. NDF content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05). TDN and total amino acid content (EAA+NEAA) were higher in order of winter forage crop with high crude protein content (Italian ryegrass > Oat > Triticale > Rye). Total mineral content was higher in order of Rye > Triticale > Oat > Italian ryegrass(p<0.05), and total free sugar content was higher in order of Oat > Italian Ryegrass > Triticale > Rye(p<0.05). Compared with the results above, Italian ryegrass and Oat are high in crude protein, TDN, amino acid and free sugar content. Rye and Triticale have the merit that feed value is decreased but high yield(dry matter and TDN yield) can be maintained. Therefore, it is advantageous to grow Rye and Triticale as winter forage crops after rice harvest in the central inland region.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 1998

Freezing-resistant plants can survive subzero temperatures by withstanding extracellular ice formation. During cold acclimation, their leaves accumulate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are secreted into the apoplast and have the ability to modify the normal growth of ice crystals. Three barley, two wheat and two rye cultivars were grown under two different temperature regimes (20/16$^{\circ}C$ and 5/2$^{\circ}C$, day/night). Apoplastic proteins from winter cereals were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected with antisera to AFPs from winter rye. Apoplastic proteins accumulated to much higher levels in cold-acclimated (CA) leaves compared with nonacclimated (NA) ones in winter cereals. After cold acclimation, the protein concentration of apoplastic extracts increased significantly from 0.088 $mgmL^{-1}$ to 0.448 $mgmL^{-1}$, with about 5-fold increment. Also, the apoplastic protein content per gram leaf fresh weight in CA leaves ranged from 31 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ to 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ with an averaged value of 77 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$, and coefficients of variation of 54.9%. The CA leaves in Musketeer (a Canadian winter rye cultivar) showed the greatest AFPs and antifreeze activity followed by 'Geurumil' (a Korean winter wheat cultivar), and 'Dongbori l' (Korean facultative barley cultivar). The proteins secreted into the wheat leaf apoplast at CA condition were more numerous than those observed in winter rye, where two $\beta$-1,3-glucanase-like proteins (GLPs), two chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) and two thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) accumulated during cold acclimation. The proteins in barley leaf apoplast at CA conditions were a little different from those in wheat leaves. The AFPs were various among and within species. More freezing-resistant cultivars had more clear and numerous bands than less freezing-resistant ones. The high determination coefficient ($R^2$ =91 %) between freezing resistance and AFPs per gram leaf fresh weight indicated that the amount of AFPs was highly related to freezing resistance in winter cereal crops.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 1987

In order for Paldanghomil (winter rye) to be investigated if its grain yield is able to be produced after clipping just before winter season for forage utilization this experiment was carried out under the four sowing dates of four locations in Korea (Chunchon, Suwon, Hwasung and Chungju). In rye clipping plot earlier sowing showed taller plant height, more number of tillers/㎡ and higher forage yield before winter season, indicating the highest forage yield (1803 kg/10a) in Chunchon by sowing of September II. Forage yield of rye before winter season was mainly influenced by plant height and number of tillers/㎡, showing more effect of plant height. Rye plants were more or less affected on winter damages, late heading and short culm by clipping before winter season. Analysis of variance indicated that only number of spikes/㎡ among grain yield components showed the high significance according to the clipping method, and that there showed little variation for other yield components due to the sowing date and clipping method. There showed more grain yield in non-clipping rather than that of clipping plot, indicating the difference of 46kg/10a. This was resulted from short culm and severe winter damages caused by clipping before winter season. Of the grain yield components, number of spikes/㎡ was greatly influenced for grain yield by analysis of stepwise regression. Therefore, grain yield of rye was able to produce after forage utilization before winter season due to the appropriate crop and soil managements, by resulting from the little variation in grain yield between clipping or non-clipping plots and from the higher grain yield by the early sowing.