• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.546-555
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• 1999

Objectives : To determine the prevalence, pattern. and out-of-pocket expenditure of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) utilization in Korean adult population. Methods : We conducted a representative telephone survey of 2,042 persons aged 18 or older. Data about any health problem, details of their use of medical doctors(MDs) offices/hospitals/pharmacies services and CAM during the preceding 12 months were collected with structured questionnaire. Results : The utilization rate of CAM among Korean adults was 29% in one year. A total of 231 kinds of CAM was identified from this survey. Annual out-of-pocket expenditure associated with CAM use in 1998 amounted to ${\xi}{\S}1.88$ billion and was comparable to 40.8% of out-of-pocket expenditure paid for MDs offices/hospitals/pharmacies services. Among those(N=424) who paid for both MDs offices/hospitals/pharmacies services an d CAM, 35.8% paid more for CAM. CAM gave more satisfaction than western medicine to those who had experience of both types of therapy. About half of CAM users were willing to recommend CAM to others. Disclosure rate to physician among CAM users was not high(40.6%). Conclusion : CAM became a popular source of health care in Korea, Korean spent a substantial amount of out-of-pocket money on CAM without any public control. Because CAM use is likely to be increased rapidly through lay referral system, health policy makers and health professionals should pay more attention to CAM for making appropriate utilization of CAM.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2017

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate family caregivers' opinions about out-of-pocket payment for long-term care (LTC) facilities, and find the differences in the opinions for family caregivers of all different levels of income. Methods: We used the data of the study on out-of-pocket payment in national long-term care insurance, including 1,552 family caregivers with the elderly in long-term care facilities. Results: The average out-of-pocket payment per month was 511,635 Korean won and distributed from 230,750 to 1,365,570 Korean won. The amount of out-of-pocket payment might be affected by not co-payment but the cost of non-covered service. There were differences in them for family caregivers of all different levels of income. Opinions were surveyed about 5 issues. By levels of income, there were differences in their opinions about 3 issues, the financial burden on LTC, the necessity of reducing out-of-pocket payments, and to be willing to pay more for a high quality service. But there were not different opinions about the interruption of LTC service and staying with LTC facilities. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the range of out-of-pocket payment for LTC facility is wide and it can be a burden to lower income group. It should be to prepare the policies to ease the financial burden and support the appropriate LTC use.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.3-13
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• 2015

For last decades, the interests and efforts to enhance healthcare facility users' experience is focused on improving facility environments for healing (Delvin, 2003) and servicescapes in order to meet the users' needs (Becker, 2008; Seunghee, 2011). In the emerging experience economy, customer want experiences and they're willing to pay for the experiences and memories not goods. (Pine, J. & Gillmore, J., 1999). It is important to identify what supports customer experiences and how they perceive the experiences in healthcare environments and it will provide important information for healthcare planners, managers, architects, and interior designers. This study examines the service user experience design elements from a User Experiences design perspective. It focuses on healthcare facilities as user experience elements and build up a conceptual framework that outlines service user experience design elements in healthcare facilities. Literature review and case studies were conducted to build the service user experience design elements according to affordance theory. Findings from this study shows that service user experience design elements were introduced and newly developed which can be categorized into three factors; 1) Functional experiences in the physical environments (safety, accessibility, self-directiveness), 2) emotional expression and cognitive experiences (identifiability/clarity, natural features/pleasant environment, aesthetic elements/playful space, media richness), 3) social relational experiences(closeness, privacy, communication with staff, integrated system). These service user experience design elements will help healthcare facility designers to understand what customer experiences, how they increase the satisfaction, and how they improve facilities for modeling the industry's best practices.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.683-699
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• 2007

This study applied the choice experiment (CE) method to measure values of statistical lives from multi-attributed mortality risk reduction choices. The four characteristics of mortality risk (i.e. cause of death, voluntariness of mortality risk, timing of death, magnitude of mortality risk reduction) are utilized to design the alternatives of choice sets. The estimation results for the multinomial logit model show that individuals are willing to pay 27,930 won per year for a change from the status quo to a $\frac{1}{100}$ mortality risk reduction for 10 years, 116,773 won per year for mortality risk reduction associated with adults, 97,682 won per year for voluntary mortality risk reduction, 77,234 won per year for involuntary mortality risk reduction. There were several estimates of VSL related to different attributes of mortality risk. The mean VSLs of infant/child/young adult ranged from 1,165 million won to 1,367 million won. The mean VSLs ranged from 1,631 million won to 1,833 million won for adult, and were between 1,128 million won and 1,330 million won for old person.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient perception of clinical nutrition service. The research was performed by using questionnaires and conducted from February 14 to March 15 at 42 hospitals (over 400 beds). 41.7% of patients experienced nutritional education and counseling. The mean score of the patients' perception on clinical nutritional service was 4.62/5.00 for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", 4.49/5.00 for "diet therapy is necessary for treatment of the disease", 4.16/5.00 for "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary", 4.13/5.00 for "nutritional consultation fee is required to apply insurance benefits", 4.12/5.00 for "one-to-one nutrition system is necessary", and 3.56/5.00 for "nutrition services I am willing to pay". The patients who had no past experience in nutritional education and counseling showed significantly higher scores for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", "one-to-one nutritional care system is necessary", and "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary" (P<0.05). The mean scores for the importance (4.26/5.00) and performance (3.88/5.00) of nutrition counseling service were significantly different (P<0.01). "Nutritional counseling is available whenever I want" had the highest gap score between performance and importance among nutrition counseling service items. The importance and performance grid showed that highly important items had high performance (doing great area) and less important items have low performance (low priority).

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.75-96
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• 2016

This paper investigates the usefulness of drones in an urban delivery system. We define the vehicle and drone routing problem with time window (VDRPTW) and present a model that can describe a dual mode delivery system consisting of drones and vehicles in the metropolitan area. Drones are relatively free from traffic congestion but have limited flight range and capacity. Vehicles are not free from traffic congestion, and the complexity of urban road network reduces the efficiency of vehicles. Using drones and vehicles together can reduce inefficiency of the urban delivery system because of their complementary cooperation. In this paper, we assume that drones operate in a point-to-point manner between the depot and customers, and that customers in the need of fast delivery are willing to pay additional charges. For the experiment datasets, we use instances of Solomon (1987), which are well known in the Vehicle Routing Problem society. Moreover, to mirror the urban logistics demand trend, customers who want fast delivery are added to the Solomon's instances. We propose a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for solving VDRPTW. The experiment results provide different useful insights according to the geographical distributions of customers. In the instances where customers are randomly located and in instances where some customers are randomly located while others form some clusters, the dual mode delivery system displays lower total cost and higher customer satisfaction. In instances with clustered customers, the dual mode delivery system exhibits narrow competition for the total cost with the delivery system that uses only vehicles. In this case, using drones and vehicles together can reduce the level of dissatisfaction of customers who take their cargo over the time-window. From the view point of strategic flexibility, the dual mode delivery system appears to be more interesting. In meeting the objective of maximizing customer satisfaction, the use of drones and vehicles incurs less cost and requires fewer resources.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2005

This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To com-pared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, $79.1\%$ subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and $63.8\%$ of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation'($65.1\%$) and 'nutrition' ($50.0\%$) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'Improvement taste and quality of meal' ($62.6\%$). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP as not to prefer, but $10.4\%$ of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'($40.7\%$) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'($32.4\%$) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'($53.9\%$) and 'sanitation Problem'($51.9\%$).

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.247-270
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• 2020

The value of a statistical life (VSL) plays a very important role in estimating the benefits of environmental policy. It is used, for example, as a unit of monetization of health benefits resulting from the reduction of air pollutants, which is the basis of cost-benefit analysis of policies. The VSL can be defined as the value that people of each society are willing to pay to reduce the risk of death, so the value should reflect the characteristics of its members. In this study, we apply a choice experiment with 3,081 respondents collected through a web survey were divided into two samples according to the type of questions. Among the various estimates, the most appropriate estimate of the VSL is about 1.3 billion won from 1,528 sample, which is similar to the results of the meta-analysis using estimates from prior studies conducted in Korea. In addition, this study shows that a private prevention program is preferred to reduce the risk of death from cancer rather than a public program.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to find out awareness of the environment-friendly planning elements for residential unit space among practitioners. The respondents in this questionnaire survey were 140 practitioners in architecture and interior design field. The major findings of this study were as follows; most of the respondents were aware of the impact of indoor built environment on residents' wellness. In addition, the survey respondents viewed that the factors for planning environment-friendly high-rise apartments were represented by gardening and energy-saving while their perception on the concept excluded comprehensive components affecting residents' life quality. Over 50% of respondents had an experience of applying environment-friendly planning elements in their works, and high frequency appeared on the general planning elements which had been applied special awareness as pro-environmental features. The respondents considered environment-friendly planning elements as important. Specially, space planning and system were considered more likely important in interior design field. In application of environment-friendly planning elements, cost, lack of consumers' awareness of and underdevelopment of environment-friendly materials were of concern. Therefore, the consumer's cognition needs to be improved for wide application about environment-friendly planning element, and then consumers are willing to pay additional construction cost of environment-friendly apartments. At the same time, the current practice that housing developers pass the additional cost on to residents needs to be changed. Then, the quality of life in high-rise residential settings can be improved. More importantly, the exchange and development of the reliable information on environment-friendly planning elements need to be made, and technical support and long-term policy for the development are required. This research showed current status of knowledge and practice in sustainable planning of unit apartment and proved basic information for future direction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to identify satisfaction levels of the arboretum which will be provided in the Multifunctional Administrative City and to estimate the economic value of using choice experiments. The attributes were "Preservation", "Education", "Recreation", "Facility", "Accessibility" and the entrance fee. The main effects model was utilized to construct hypothetical alternatives. Calibration of the conjoint choice model revealed that 'wetlands' and 'forest trails' in "Preservation" and the "Recreation", respectively, were significant variables. This result indicates that respondents are willing to pay more for these if they are provided in the arboretum. Also, 'variety seeking' tendency, age, and income level positively influenced the provision of the arboretum. Involvement in preservation of natural environment, however, had a negative influence on the establishment of the arboretum. Because this study is the first attempt to estimate the economic valuation of an urban arboretum using choice experiment, there are several suggestions for future research in terms of determining the base level and inclusion of salient attribute levels.