• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2012

We used nine microsatellite DNA markers to estimate genetic variation among wild and cultured populations of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi. The loci were polymorphic, with 6-32 alleles, and allelic richness ranged from 6.0 to 26.1 in each population. The wild and the cultured populations had similar mean heterozygosities ($H_O$ and $H_E$), allele numbers, and allelic richness. One cultured population with softness syndrome had a lower mean in the observed heterozygosity ($H_O$ = 0.57) and higher mean inbreeding coefficient ($F_{IS}$ = 0.261) than any other populations. This suggests that the loss of genetic variation in the diseased population might be due to increased inbreeding. A neighbor-joining tree and pairwise population estimates of $F_{ST}$ showed moderate genetic differentiation between the wild and the cultured populations. Additionally, the softness syndrome population was genetically divergent from wild populations, but it was genetically close to the cultured populations.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 2009

Nucleotide sequences of about 500 bp from the 5' end of mitochondrial (mt) DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) were analyzed to estimate the genetic variation between wild and cultured populations of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi from two sites along the coast of Korea. A total of 25 haplotypes were defined by 21 variable nucleotide sites in the examined COI region. Genetic diversity (haplotype diversity and nucleotide divergence) of wild populations was higher than that of the cultured population. These data suggest that reduced genetic variation in the cultured population may have results from bottleneck effect caused by the use of a limited number of parental stock and pooling of gametes for fertilization. Pairwise population $F_{ST}$ estimates inferred that wild and cultured populations were genetically distinct. The combined results suggest that sequence polymorphism in the COI region would be preferable for estimating the genetic diversity of ascidian populations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2002

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis based on numerous polymorphic bands have been used to investigate genetic similarity and diversity among and within two cultured and wild populations represented by the species crucian carp (Carassius carassius). From RAPD analysis using five primers, a total of 442 polymorphic bands were obtained in the two populations and 273 were found to be specific to a wild population. 169 polymorphic bands were also produced in wild and cultured population. According to RAPD-based estimates, the average number of polymorphic bands in the wild population was approximately 1.5 times as diverse as that in cultured. The average number of polymorphic bands in each population was found to be different and was higher in the wild than in the cultured population. Comparison of banding patterns in the cultured and wild populations revealed substantial differences supporting a previous assessment that the populations may have been subjected to a long period of geographical isolation from each other. The values in wild population altered from 0.21 to 0.51 as calculated by bandsharing analysis. Also, the average level of bandsharing values was $0.40{\pm}0.05 $ in the wild population, compared to $0.69{\pm}0.08$ in the cultured. With reference to bandsharing values and banding patterns, the wild population was considerably more diverse than the cultured. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of crucian carp could help in formulating more effective strategies for managing this aquacultural fish species and also in evaluating the potential genetic effects induced by hatchery operations.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2005

We used nine decamer primers to generate DNA fragment sizes ranging from 100 bp to 1,600 bp from two bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) populations of Dangjin in Korea. 376 fragments were identified in the cultured bullhead population, and 454 in the population of wild bullhead from Dangjin: 287 specific fragments $(76.3\%)$ in the cultured bullhead population and 207 $(45.6\%)$ in the wild bullhead population. On average, a decamer primer was used to generate 34.2 amplified products in a cultured bullhead. A RAPD primer was used to generate an average of 3.1 amplified bands per sample, ranging between 2.5 and 6.0 fragments in this population. Nine primers also generated 24 polymorphic fragments (24/376 fragment, $6.4\%$) in the cultured bullhead population, and 24 (24/454 fragments, $5.2\%$) in the wild bullhead population. The OPA-16 primer, notably, produced which 11 out of 11 bands $(100\%)$ were monomorphic in the wild bullhead population. 110 intra-population-specific fragments, with an average of 12.2 per primer, were observed in the cultured bullhead population. 99 fragments, with an average of 11.0 per primer, were identified in the wild bullhead. Especially, 55 inter-population-common fragments, with an average of 6.1 per primer, were observed in the two bullhead populations. The bandsharing value (BS value) of individuals within the wild bullhead population was substantially higher than was determined in the cultured bullhead population. The average bandsharing value was $0.596\pm0.010$ within the cultured bullhead population,. and $0.657\pm0.010$ within the wild bullhead population. The dendrogram obtained with the nine primers indicates two genetic clusters, designated cluster $1\;(CULTURED\;01\~CULTURED\;11)$, and cluster $2\;(WILD\;12\~WILD\;22)$. Ultimately, the longest genetic distance displaying significant molecular differences was determined to exist between individuals in the two bullhead populations, namely between individuals WILD no. 19 of the wild bullhead population and CULTURED no. 03 of the cultured bullhead population (genetic distance = 0.714). RAPD-PCR allowed us to detect the existence of population discrimination and genetic variation in Korean population of bullhead. This finding indicates that this method constitutes a suitable tool for DNA comparison, both within and between individuals, populations, species, and genera.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2001년도 후기 제12차 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.34-35
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• 2001

RAPD analysis based on numerous markers have been used to investigate patterns of genetic differentiation ann and within two cultured and wild populations represented by the species crucian carp(Carassius carassius). From RAPD analysis using five primers, a total of 442 polymorphic bands were obtained in two populations and 273 were found to be specific to a wild population. According to RAPD-based estimates, average number of polymorphic bands in wild population was approximately 1.5 times as diverse as that in cultured. The average level of bandsharing values was $0.40 \pm 0.05$ in wild population, but was $0.69 \pm 0.08$ in cultured population, With reference to bandsharing values and banding patterns, wild population was considerably more diverse than cultured population. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of crucian carp should help in formulating more effective strategies for managing this aquacultural fish species.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2014

양식산 넙치의 인위적인 선별에 따른 암수 성비를 자연산 넙치의 성비와 비교하기 위하여 양식산과 자연산 각각 3개 지역에서 시료를 채집하여 총 841마리를 분석 하였다. 조사된 자연산 넙치의 성비는 암컷과 수컷의 비율이 각각 1.10~1.93, 0.52~0.91으로 암컷의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 양식산 넙치에서는 암컷의 비율이 0.20~2.15였으며, 수컷의 비율은 0.46~4.88이었다. 양식산 넙치의 경우 울진과 완도집단의 암컷 비율이 각각 2.03, 2.15로 높게 나타났으며, 진도집단은 반대로 수컷의 비율이 4.88로 아주 높게 나타났다. 이렇게 암수의 성비가 높게 나타난 것은 선별에 의한 결과라고 추정된다. 또한 각 집단별 체장조성에 따른 암컷의 비율은 체장이 클수록 암컷의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 넙치양식에서 성장이 빠른 암컷을 사육하는 것이 경제적이지만 인위적인 종묘생산에서 크기 선별로 작은 개체들이 자연생태계에 방류된다면 자연집단의 성비 불균형에 영향이 있으므로 자원조성을 위한 종묘방류는 균형 있는 성비도 고려하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.614-617
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• 2010

우리나라의 주요 양식 대상 종이며, 년간 총 생산량 1위를 점하고 있는 넙치를 모델로 하여 양식 집단의 유전적 다양성의 변화를 확인하였다. 이를 위해, 한국에서 서식하고 있는 자연산 및 양식산 넙치 각 29개체를 사용하여, hypervariation 영역으로 알려진 tRNA ($tRNA^{Thr}$, $tRNA^{Pro}$) 영역과 control region의 앞부분까지의 522 bp에 대한 염기서열의 특성을 분석하였다. 23개의 haplotype에서 522 bp의 염기 중 49곳(9.4%) 에서 변이가 나타났다. 대부분의 haplotype은 자연집단에서 유일하게 나타났으며, 오직 4개의 haplotype만이 양식집단에서 나타났다. 또한, 두 집단 사이에서는 유전적으로 유의한 집단분화가 발생하였다는 사실도 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 미토콘드리아 DNA 염기서열 분석 기법은 집단의 유전적 다양성을 평가뿐만 아니라 양식집단의 유전적 모니터링에 사용 가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.516-523
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• 2011

To compare four populations of sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi adults, their egg quality and larval development were investigated in the hatchery. The populations were: south sea wild (SSW), south sea cultured (SSC), east sea wild (ESW) and Iwate Japan cultured (IJC). Egg quality and larval development were compared using 13 factors (fertilization rate and diameter, proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid contents of eggs, hatching rate and various sizes of tadpole larvae) which were obtained from each population. Fertilized egg diameter, hatching rate and size of tadpole larvae were significantly different among the four populations (P<0.05). Eggs were produced with higher crude protein ($5.20{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $4.71{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $4.66{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $3.96{\pm}0.01%$ IJC) and lipid ($1.22{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $1.01{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $0.77{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $0.69{\pm}0.00%$ IJC,) contents from domestic wild populations than from Japanese or cultured populations. Also amino acid and fatty acid contents were different. The extent of similarity between domestic and Japanese populations (30.5% IJC:SSW, 34.3% IJC:SSC and 40.7% IJC:ESW) was relatively low but was very high between SSW and SSC (73.9%). These results may have been due to differences in the abundance of food types and environmental conditions in the four localities and consequent differences in the diets of the sea squirts.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.466-470
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• 2008

Microsatellite DNA markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai collected from six locations (Uljin, Ulsan, Daechon, Taean, Wando, and Yosu) where hatchery-produced abalone have been released intensively. There was no distinguishable difference in the observed and expected heterozygosities between the six populations and a cultured population. However, there was a difference in the number of alleles per locus: 12.8 for the cultured population and 13.8 to 15.8 for the six populations. The proportion of stocked abalone ranged from 41.1 to 92.7% for wild-caught populations with a decreasing tendency of alleles per locus for an increasing proportion of stocked abalone. A departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) assessed using the Markov chain procedure (P<0.05) was observed in the six populations and cultured population at loci Hdh145 and Hdh5l2. The pairwise Fst test (P<0.05) showed a significant difference between the Uljin and Ulsan populations and four remaining populations (Wando, Daechon, Yosu, and the cultured population), among which the Wando population differed less than the other three populations (Daechon, Yosu, and the cultured population).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

수산자원 증강을 위한 방류용 종묘로서 연안 정착성 어종인 조피볼락의 종묘성 강화와 우량종묘의 판정기법에 대한 기초적 연구를 위하여 서해안 윽상수조산, 축제식 양식산 및 자연산 조피볼락 치어에 대한 일반성분, 비만도, 간중량지수, 복강내지방, 장중량지수, 근육중량비, 일반 아미노산 함량 및 무기질 함량을 비교하였다. 수분 함량은 자연산이 양식산 (축제식 망식산과 육상수조산) 보다 높게 나타났지만 지질함량은 자연산이 가장 낮았다. 회분 함량은 자연산이 양식산(축제식 양식산과 육상수조산) 보다 높았다. 치어 전어체에서 단백질함량의 차이는 없었다. 비만도는 육상수조산이 자연산보다 높은 값을 보였지만 축제식 양식산과는 유사하였다. 간중량지수 (HSI), 복강내지방 (IPF) 및 장중량지수 (ISI)에서 육상수조산과 축제식 양식산은 차이가 없었으나 자연산보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 근육중량비는 사육방법에 따라 차이가 없었다. 일반아미노산 총함유량은 자연산이 육상수조산보다 높았으나 축제식 양식산과는 차이가 없었다. 자연산은 asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, Iysine, phenylalanine, threenine, valine에서 양식산 (축제식 양식산과 육상수조산) 보다 유의적으로 높았다. 무기질 함량 중 Ca, P 함량은 자연산과 육상수조 양식산은 유사하였으나, 축제식 양식산보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. Mg 함량은 자연산이 가장 높았으며, Mn 함량은 자연산, 육상수조산, 축제식 양식산의 순서로 나타났다. 자연산의 Zn 함량은 육상수조산과는 유사하였으나, 축제식 양식산 보다는 높게 나타났다. 전체적으로 수분과 회분 함량, asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine과 일반아미노산 총함유량 및 Mg 함량은 자연산이 양식산 (축제식 양식산과 육상수조산) 보다 높게 나타났으며, 지질함량, Mn 함량과 비만도, 간중량지수 (HSI), 복강내지방 (IPF) 및 장중량지수 (ISI)에 있어서는 양식산이 자연산보다 높은 값을 보였다. Ca, P 및 Zn함량은 축제식양식산에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 그러므로 이러한 체성분 및 생물학적 특성은 조피볼락 방류용 우량종묘의 판정과 종묘성 강화의 지표로서 적용이 될 수 있을 것이다.