• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.296-302
• /
• 2002

통밀과 파쇄밀로 만든 누룩을 대조구로 하고, 밀가루를 이용하여 만든 재래식의 밀가루 누룩, 밀가루와 쌀의 혼용 누룩 및 Aspergillus oryzae의 누룩으로 각각 탁주를 담금하여 발효 과정 중의 품질을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 에탄올 함량은 발효 14일에 $10.6{\sim}17.4%$로 최대치를 보였으며 대조구, 밀가루 누룩구, Aspergillus oryzae 누룩구, 쌀 혼용구의 순으로 높았다. pH는 시험구간에 차이가 없었으나, 총산은 재래식 밀가루 누룩구에서 높았다. 총당은 담금일에 $16.22{\sim}17.74%$로 가장 높았으나 14일에 $4.28{\sim}6.10%$로 현저히 감소되었다. 발효초기에 Aspergillus oryzae구에서 높았으나 이후는 총당의 차이가 없는 편이었다. 유리당중 glucose는 담금일에 $2,735{\sim}7,842\;mg%$로 월등히 높았으나 이후 현저히 감소하였다. 유리당 총량은 대조구와 재래식 밀가루 누룩구에서 높았다. 유리당 총량은 대조구에서 $690{\sim}2,241\;mg%$로, lactic acid+succinic acid는 쌀 혼용구에서 $183{\sim}1,293\;mg%$로 각각 높았고, 확인된 6종의 유기산중 lactic acid+succinic acid가 탁주에서 가장 함량이 많았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.354-362
• /
• 2018

Objective: Wheat is an alternative to corn silage for ruminant feeding in northern China. This study examined the effects of harvest time and added molasses on nutritional content, ensiling characteristics and in vitro degradation of whole crop wheat (WCW). Methods: Fresh WCW at the milk-ripe stage was harvested at 0700 h (i.e., in the morning [Mo]) and 1700 h (i.e., in the afternoon [Af]), and then immediately used to prepare silage and make hay. Commercial molasses was added to Af WCW at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (fresh weight) proportions. The WCW treated with molasses was mixed thoroughly prior to ensiling. Results: Dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (p<0.01), accumulative gas production in 72 h ($GP_{72h}$, 77.46 mL/g vs 95.15 mL/g) and dry matter disappearance in vitro (69.15% vs 76.77%) were lower (p<0.05), while crude protein (CP) content was higher for WCW silage (WCWS) compared to WCW (p<0.01). The propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in WCWS from Mo WCW were 1.47% and 0.26%, respectively. However, the propionic and butyric acid concentrations were negligible, while the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$, p<0.01) concentration was lower and the rate of gas production at 50% of the maximum (17.05 mL/h vs 13.94 mL/h, p<0.05) was higher for Af WCWS compared to Mo WCWS. The incubation fluid's $NH_3-N$ concentration was lower in WCWS and Af WCW compared to Mo WCW (p<0.05). The CP and WSC content increased with increasing molasses levels (p<0.05). Furthermore, the pH (p<0.01) and time when gas production was 50% of the maximum (2.78 h vs 3.05 h, p<0.05) were lower in silage treated with 4% molasses than silage without molasses. Conclusion: Harvesting wheat crops in the afternoon and adding molasses at 4% level to WCW optimally improved ensiling characteristics, leading to well-preserved silage.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제58권4호
• /
• pp.459-467
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 여러 가지 품종별 통보리가루를 20% 첨가하여 보리 국수를 제조하고 제조된 국수의 품질특성과 ${\beta}$-glucan 함량 및 항산화활성 변화를 조사하였다. 호화특성 중 호화개시온도와 최고점도는 보릿가루 첨가에 따라 증가하였고, 치반점도는 감소하였다. 통보리가루 첨가 국수의 L값은 밀가루 국수에 비해 낮았고 a값과 b값은 높았다. 조리시 흡수율은 통보리가루 첨가국수에서 밀가루 국수보다 낮게 나타났으며, swelling index는 메성보리는 높았고 찰성보리는 밀가루 국수와 비슷하였다. 보리국수의 조리 후 경도, 검성은 밀가루 국수에 비해 약간 낮았으며, 메성보리가 찰성보리보다 경도, 응집성, 검성이 높았고 메성 품종인 다한이 가장 밀가루 국수와 유사한 특성을 보였다. 보릿가루 첨가에 따라 국수의 ${\beta}$-glucan 함량은 증가하였으며, 조리 후 ${\beta}$-glucan 함량이 약간 증가하였고, 전분함량은 조리 후 감소하였다. 보리첨가 국수의 항산화활성은 밀가루 국수보다 높았고 조리 후 감소하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.281-287
• /
• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.378-384
• /
• 2007

Three microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Wheat at the early dough stage, sorghum at the late milk stage and maize at the one-third milk line stage were harvested and ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars untreated or after the following treatments: control (no additives); Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g of fresh forage; L. buchneri (LB) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; and a formic acid-based preservative (FAP) at 3 ml/kg of fresh forage weight. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, 90 d, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d. In this test, $CO_2$ produced during aerobic exposure was measured along with chemical and microbiological parameters which serve as spoilage indicators. The silages inoculated with LP had higher concentration of lactic acid compared with the controls and the other treated silages (p<0.05). The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages due to more $CO_2$ production (p<0.05) in these two groups and development of yeasts unlike the other groups. In the experiment, the silages treated with LB, PA and FAP were stable under aerobic conditions. However, the numbers of yeasts was higher in the LP-inoculated wheat, sorghum and maize silages compared with the LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The LB, PA and FAP improved the aerobic stability of the silages by causing more extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in the silages with high levels of acetic and propionic acid. The use of LB, PA and FAP as silage additives can improve the aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to understand the Chinese noodles(mian tiao). Wheat seems to have been cultivated 3-4,000 years before according to the archaeological evidences from the neolithic sites. The five grains(rice, millet, beans, barley, barnyard millet) already appeared in the period prior to Chin dynasty and were used as whole grain, but it was not until Chun Chu Zhan Guo period that the introduction of the flouring method stimulated the cultivation of wheat. In Chin-Han period, when water power and animal force were put into usage to facilitate the mass production of wheat flour, 'Bing', a designation for all the food made of wheat first appeared in the literature, and it was this 'Bing' that had later developed into noodles. In Wei Chin Nan Bei Chao period, roasted 'Bing', namely 'Kao-Bing' made its first appearance, and in Tang period, various noodles were created with the increase of restaurants specialized in noodles. In Song dynasty, 'La-Mian', the noodles stretched and beat from noodle dough, was first introduced, and in Yuan period, invention of drying method made the appearance of dried noodles, 'Gua-Mian', possible, which was good for easy and long preservation. Qing dynasty developed the noodles with a variety of assorted ingredients. The Chinese noodles are classified by various standards such as main ingredients, cooking methods, kinds of sauce, secondary ingredients, shape, eating method, flavor, and look.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.264-279
• /
• 2015

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of sourdough to various grain flours in bread, specifically, in regards to the physicochemical characteristics of bread dough, sensory evaluation, and bread storage. As the incubation time of sourdough increased, the total titratable acidity increased. Viable yeast counts of sourdough increased consistently until the third day, while lactic acid bacteria counts increased until the second day. The weight of breads containing sourdough made with rye flour, strong flour, and Korean wheat flour were higher than that of the control. However, the height, volume, and specific volume of control were higher than those of the groups with sourdough made with various grain flours. The pH of breads containing sourdough was lower than that of the control, while the total titratable acidity and moisture content were higher than those of the control. In analyzing the visible mold colony during the five days of storage at $30^{\circ}C$, mold growth in breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, barely flour, and rye flour was retarded. In the color measurement, the L values of the control and bread containing sourdough made with barley flour were higher than that of the other groups after five days. The a value of bread containing sourdough made of rye flour was higher, and the b values of breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, barley flour and rye flour were higher than those of the other groups after five days. The hardness of breads containing sourdough increased as storage time increased, where as breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, Korean whole wheat flour, and rye flour revealed no significant differences with control group. Sensory evaluation scores in terms of after swallowing, taste, and overall preference of bread containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour was higher than those of the control group.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.36-45
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 새로운 제초제 후보물질을 탐색하기 위하여 식물특이적 효소 저해제로 알려진 107개 기존 화합물에 대하여 생물활성을 조사하였다. Germination test, seedling assay, wheat leaf disc assay, cyanobacteria assay, whole plant assay를 통하여 15종의 저해제를 선발하였고 이들은 34종 효소를 저해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이들 화합물 중에서 phenylhydrazine, purine, o-phenanthroline, oleylamine, 7,8-benzoquinoline, aminooxyacetic acid, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 등은 성체를 이용한 온실 실험에서 높은 제초활성을 나타내었다. 7,8-benzoquinone, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2,2'-dipyridyl 및 o-phenanthroline 등은 피, 벼, 토마토의 발아를 $1.25{\sim}5{\mu}M$의 농도에서도 억제하였다. 7,8-benzoquinoline, cyanuric fluoride, 4-methylpyrazole, tranylcypromine, oleylamine과 trifluoperazine 등은 $30{\sim}100{\mu}M$ 농도에서 cyanobacteria의 생육을 저해하였다. Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide와 chlorpromazine은 $100{\mu}M$ 농도에서 wheat leaf disc의 백화현상을 유기시켰다. 이상과 같이 생물학적 활성을 갖는 식물 특이적 효소저해제들은 신규제초제 후보물질을 선발하기 위한 새로운 대상효소로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.173-186
• /
• 2015

In Bangladesh, increases in the tropospheric ozone ($O_3$) concentration and in soil salinization may lead to crop damage. To clarify the effects of $O_3$ and/or soil salinity on Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, BAW1059 (salt-tolerant) and Shatabdi (salt-sensitive) were exposed to 70-day treatments with $O_3$ (charcoal-filtered air (CF), $1.0{\times}O_3$, and $1.5{\times}O_3$) and different levels of soil salinity (0, 4, and $8dS\;m^{-1}$). In both cultivars, the whole-plant dry mass and grain yield were significantly reduced by exposure to $O_3$. Increased soil salinity caused significant reductions in whole-plant growth and yield in Shatabdi, but the reductions were negligible in BAW1059. No significant interactions between $O_3$ and salinity were detected for growth, yield, and leaf gas exchange parameters in both cultivars. We concluded that the effects of $O_3$ are not ameliorated by soil salinity in two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, regardless of their salinity tolerance.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제66권4호
• /
• pp.318-325
• /
• 2021

이 연구에서는 인공 염색체 절단의 유발원인 제부라린을 두 종류의 Leymus 염색체가 첨가된 이중 일가 외래 염색체 첨가 밀 계통의 생식세포 분열기에 처리함으로써 인공 염색체 절단이 상동성이 결여된 외래 염색체 사이의 염색체 조합에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 수행하였다. 밀의 유전적 배경에서 두 외래 염색체의 행동은 genomic in situ hybridization을 이용하여 확인하였다. 결과적으로 생식세포분열 전기 초반에 인공 염색체 절단은 두 외래 염색체의 핵형 차이인 말단의 이질염색질을 제외한 전장에서 발생하였으며, 그로 인하여 염색체 융합이 이루어져 이가 외래 염색체의 형태가 형성되는 것을 확인하였다. 이처럼 제부라린 처리에 의한 인공 염색체 절단이 체세포분열(mitosis) 염색체뿐만 아니라 생식세포분열 염색체에 염색체 접합과 유사한 현상을 유발시키는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 통하여 상동성을 엄격하게 조절하는 Ph1 유전자를 가지고 있는 밀의 유전적 배경에서 동조 또는 비상동 관계에 있는 염색체 사이에서 염색체 결합이 이룰 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 인공 염색체 절단은 두 외래 염색체의 소실과 일반적인 이가 염색체의 형태가 아닌 비정상적인 형태의 외래 이가 염색체도 유발하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 현상은 보통 형태와 유사한 이가 외래 염색체가 형성되었음에도 불구하고 생식세포 분열의 사분자의 포자에 자매염색분체의 분포 비율에 부정적인 영향을 미침으로써 염색체 조합의 빈도를 나타내는 상동성 지수에 유의미한 차이를 나타내지 못했다. 따라서 인공 염색체 절단에 의한 염색체 결합의 빈도와 발생부위에 대한 조절을 작물학적 관점에서 이용하려면 앞으로 지속적인 염색체 연구를 바탕으로 좀 더 구체적이고 세밀한 제부라린의 투여량, 처리시간 및 처리방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.