• Entomological Research
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

A new whitefly species, Pealius yunnanensissp. nov., collected from Mengzi, Caoba village (Yunnan, China) on Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. (Urticales: Moraceae), is described with morphology, line illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscope images. In addition, a checklist of Chinese species of Pealius is provided and all Pealius species recorded from Ficus around the world are listed. Specimens have been deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University (ZAFU), Lin'an, China.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.643-654
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• 2012

We conducted the experiment in order to evaluate the control effect of whitefly using the sticky trap. Both Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were more attracted to yellow sticky trap than white or blue colored traps. When yellow sticky traps were installed in different height around tomato, catches of B. tabaci were not significantly different among the traps and catches of T. vaporariorum on the traps in the upper position were more than lower position. T. vaporariorum was more attracted to trap when host plant is smaller. The attracted number to yellow sticky traps were not significantly different between whiteflies (B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum) and their parasitoids (Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus mundus). Yellow sticky trap reduced population density of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum by more than 80% on tomato nursery in a screen cage. Population density of whiteflies in greenhouse installed yellow sticky traps was less than one third of that in untreated greenhouse.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2014

Recently, the Q biotype of tobacco whitefly has been recognized as the most hazardous strain of Bemisia tabaci worldwide, because of its increased resistance to some insecticide groups. As an alternative control agent, we selected an Isaria javanica isolate as a candidate for the development of a mycopesticide against the Q biotype of sweet potato whitefly. To select optimal mass production media for solid-state fermentation, we compared the production yield and virulence of conidia between 2 substrates (barley and brown rice), and we also compared the effects of various additives on conidia production and virulence. Barley was a better substrate for conidia production, producing $3.43{\times}10^{10}$ conidia/g, compared with $3.05{\times}10^{10}$ conidia/g for brown rice. The addition of 2% $CaCO_3+2%$ $CaSO_4$ to barley significantly increased conidia production. Addition of yeast extract, casein, or gluten also improved conidia production on barley. Gluten addition (3% and 1.32%) to brown rice improved conidia production by 14 and 6 times, respectively, relative to brown rice without additives. Conidia cultivated on barley produced a mortality rate of 62% in the sweet potato whitefly after 4-day treatment, compared with 53% for conidia cultivated on brown rice. The amendment of solid substrate cultivation with additives changed the virulence of the conidia produced; the median lethal time ($LT_{50}$) was shorter for conidia produced on barley and brown rice with added yeast extract (1.32% and 3%, respectively), $KNO_3$ (0.6% and 1%), or gluten (1.32% and 3%) compared with conidia produced on substrates without additives.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.251-255
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• 2020

In 2019, the ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday, 1835), was firstly found on a pear tree in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. From occurrence survey, we confirmed that S. phillyreae was occurred in seven cities, Busan, Changwon, Jinju, Gwangyang, Suncheon, Goheung, and Goseong. In addition, seven plants, such as Punica granatum, Pyrus pyrifolia, Cydonia oblonga, Prunus mume, Crataegus pinnatifida, Eriobotrya japonica, Photinia glabra, Pyracantha angustifolia, Lagerstroemia indica, and Malus prunifolia, were detected as hostplants. In this study, we present the first report of this species in Korea and describe the damage caused by S. phillyrease and its taxonomic information.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2012

This study investigated the occurrence of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci affecting cucumber, eggplant and red pepper, as well as sweet potato species, and its response to insecticides in Gyeonggi province from 2010 to 2011. Sweet potato whitefly is widespread throughout the southern part of Gyeonggi province. Most regional populations of B. tabaci belong to biotype Q having been reported in the south Korea since 2005, but in Goyang mixed populations of two biotypes (B and Q) were found. Survey results of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) disease that was vectored by B. tabaci indicated that this virus disease was not spread throughout the Gyeonggi province. Biotype Q of B. tabaci was found to be resistant to neonicotinoid insecticides, whereas biotype B was highly susceptible to them.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.641-651
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• 2021

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most important plant viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. To identify natural weed hosts that could act as reservoirs of TYLCV, 100 samples were collected at a TYLCV-affected tomato farm in Iksan from 2013 to 2014. The sample weeds were identified as belonging to 40 species from 18 families. TYLCV was detected in 57 samples belonging to 28 species through polymerase chain reaction using root samples including five species (Eleusine indica, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum dichotomiflorum, and Setaria faberi) from the family Poaceae. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci-mediated TYLCV transmission from TYLCV-infected E. indica plants to healthy tomatoes was confirmed, and inoculated tomatoes showed typical symptoms, such as leaf curling and yellowing. In addition, TYLCV was detected in leaf and root samples of E. indica plants inoculated by both whitefly-mediated transmission using TYLCV-viruliferous whitefly and agro-inoculation using a TYLCV infectious clone. The majority of mastreviruses infect monocotyledonous plants, but there have also been reports of mastreviruses that can infect dicotyledonous plants, such as the chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus. No exception was reported among begomoviruses known as infecting dicots only. This is the first report of TYLCV as a member of the genus Begomovirus infecting monocotyledonous plants.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2013

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, is an economically important pest for greenhouse crops because they cause direct damage by feeding on plant nutrients and indirect damage as transmits many virus vectors. It has recently become a serious problem because of the continuous use of insecticide resulting in resistance among greenhouse whitefly population. To overcome these problems, in this study, the biological characteristics and virulence of an entomopathogenic fungus isolated from the cadaver of nymph greenhouse whitefly were investigated. Isolated fungus was identified as Isaria fumosorosea by morphological examinations and genetic identification using sequences of the ITS, ${\beta}$-tubulin, and EF1-${\alpha}$ regions. This fungus was named as I. fumosorosea SDTv and tested for the virulence against nymphs T. vaporariorum and the cold activity, the thermotolerance and the stability of UV-B irradiation on conidia. Mortality rate of greenhouse whitefly showed from 84 to 100% and the virulence increased with increasing conidial concentrations, $1{\times}10^5$ to $10^8$ conidia/ml. Conidia were stable at $35^{\circ}C$, 0.1 $J/cm^2$ of UV irradiation and germinated after 8 days at $4^{\circ}C$. Additionally, the activities of chitinases and proteases produced by I. fumosorosea SDTv were varied according to the medium. In conclusion, I. fumosorosea SDTv which showed high mortality rate against greenhouse whitefly will be used effectively in the integrated pest management programs against the greenhouse whitefly.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2018

Demand for tomatoes has been increasing every year as people desire more healthy food. In Korea, tomatoes are mainly grown in the Chungnam, Chunnam and Kyungnam provinces. Recently, reports of whitefly-transmitted viral diseases have increased due to newly emerging whitefly pressures caused by climate change in Korea. Specifically, in 2017, the main tomato growing areas, Buyeo and Nonsan in Chungnam, showed damage typical of viral infection; therefore, we investigated viral diseases in these areas. We collected samples with virus-like symptoms and found that not only whitefly transmitted Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) were detected but also Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV, for which no specific vector is known) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, transmitted by thrips). The ToMV-infected samples were mostly co-infected with either TYLCV or ToCV. Mixed infections of different combinations of TYLCV, ToCV and ToMV were detected with the mixed infection of two whitefly-transmitted viruses (TYLCV and ToCV) causing the most severe symptoms. According to the CP sequence of each virus, the 100% identities were shown to be Mexico/ABG73017.1 (TYLCV), Greece/CDG34553.1 (ToCV), China/AKN79752 (TSWV), and Australia/NP078449.1 (ToMV). Based on the sequence data, we presumed that these tomato infecting viruses were transmitted through insects and seeds introduced from neighboring countries.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious insect pests that have a wide host range including cucumber, tomato, and pepper. In this study, we tested larvicidal efficacy of several on-the-market environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to select the effective products after the target pests were stabilized in indoor rearing condition. The developmental periods of two whiteflies are as follows: in the case of T. vaporariorum, egg duration is 9.6 days and nymph is 18.9 days, and in the case of B. tabaci, egg duration is 7.4 days and nymph is 15.2 days under $25^{\circ}C$ with relative humidity (RH) of $60{\pm}5%$ and a photoperiod of 16 L:8D. The total period of T. vaporariorum was 5 days longer than B. tabaci. Among 22 EFAMs six products showed more than 60% of insecticide efficacy against T. vaporariorum BTV B, BTV D, BTV G, BTV L, BTV M, and BTV S. On the other hand, seven EFAM products showed over 60% of insecticide efficacy against B. tabaci BTV D, BTV G, BTV K, BTV L, BTV M, BTV N, and BTV U. In the case of Spodptera litura previously, 16 EFAMs were tested against $2^{nd}$ instar S. litura, and six EFAMs were found to have more than 90% efficacy. Test of these six EFAMs against entire larval stages were performed in this study. Although some of these products showed still more than 90% of insecticidal efficacy against up to $3^{rd}$ instar larvae, the efficacy of these EFAMs sharply decreased as ages increase, resulting in less than 60% of efficacy of the products at most. This result indicates the difficulty to control S. litura with the on-the-market EFAMs alone under economic injury level. Collectively, it is required to find more EFAMs, and find alternative method, and combined way of controlling to control those insect pests tested in this study.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2017

Sampling plan using yellow sticky traps for the major strawberry flying pests - western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis adults, cotton aphid Aphis gossypii alate and greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporarium adults was developed to determine the initial occurrence time. The analyzed trap data were obtained from three commercial strawberry greenhouses for the whole growing season (September to May of the following year) during 2013 to 2017 in Jeju province. Three flying pests showed the aggregated distribution patterns resulted from commonly used regression techniques - Taylor's power law and Iwao's patchiness regression. Taylor's power law was better description of mean-variance relationship of the western flower thrips and the cotton aphid than Iwao's patchiness regression, otherwise greenhouse whitefly was better described by Iwao's patchiness regression. There were highly significant correlated among mean density per trap, maximum density and proportion of traps with more than 10 individuals. To estimate 4.0 heads of mean density per trap, the minimum number of traps were required 13 traps for western flower thrips, 11 traps for cotton aphid and 10 traps for greenhouse whitefly. The sequential sampling plans at the fixed precision level 0.25 were developed using parameters of Taylor's power law for western flower thrips and cotton aphid, and of Iwao's patchiness regression for greenhouse whitefly.