• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.48-56
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• 2003

In this work an integrated model for paper plants combining wet-end and dry section is developed and a model predictive control scheme based on the plant model is proposed. Closed-loop process identification method is employed to produce a state-space model. Thick stock, filler flow, machine speed and steam pressure are selected as input variables and basis weight, ash content and moisture content are considered as output variables. The desired output trajectory is constructed in the form of 1st-order dynamics. Results of simulations for control of grade change operations are compared with plant operation data collected during the grade change operations under the same conditions as in simulations. From the comparison, we can see that the proposed model predictive control scheme reduces the grade change time and achieves stable steady-state.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.28-54
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the food preservation methods adopted by the Joseon Dynasty, which existed before the 17^th century. A total of 232 food preservation methods were discovered in 25 books, and could be classified by their targeted food types: vegetables (84), sea foods (60), meats (41), fruits (37), and others (10). Depending on the preservation method applied, they are classified as food drying, soaking, mud cellar preservation, and other preservation. Food drying is further classified into 8 sub-types: drying, sun-drying, shadow-drying, wind-drying, dry heat, combined drying, smoking, and others. Soaking could be sub-divided into using salt, ash, dry sand, bran, fermented paste, wet distillers grains, oil, and others. Mud cellar preservation is sub-classified into installing shelf inside the mud cellar, making the mud cellar for food preservation, and making hole or underground tunnel for food preservation. Other food preservation methods include minimizing moisture loss by applying beeswax on a section of the vegetable stem, and cutting the vegetables or fruits with their branches and leaves for food preservation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.1355-1361
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• 2021

Digestibility of pet food can affect the health of dog, especially of aged animals. To maintain the health of dogs in an overall good status it is necessary to provide nutritionally balanced food. For example, the digestibility of dogs was known to be decreased along aging. In addition, losing teethes is an often event in aged dogs that could induce a problem to eat a large size dry pet food. Nonetheless, few detailed information is available on the most suited feeding for aged dogs. As part of the nutritional study of food for aged dogs, in this study, we tested whether food type impacts on digestibility on adult versus senior dogs. The methodology to measure the digestibility of nutrients was chosen the index method using chromium oxide. Dogs were fed the same commercial dry or wet diets, which were supplemented with 0.5% chromium oxide. The wet food was prepared by adding twice volume of water in the dry food prior to incubated overnight (14-16 hours) at room temperature. After five days, their feces were collected up to a total weight of > 200 g which was the amount to analyze undigested nutrients in feces as 3 repeats. In the apparent total tract digestibility analysis of the experimental breed, no difference in the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and energy was observed regarding the moisture content of the food. Noteworthy, the digestibility of nitrogen free extract was significantly increased in senior dogs fed dry dog food compared with adult dogs fed the same diet, whereas no difference was observed between senior and adult dogs fed wet food. The small breed dogs showed similar results to the experimental breed dogs. However, the digestibility of crude fat was additionally affected by age and food type unlike the experimental breed dogs. This finding suggests that the food moisture content affects the digestibility of nutrients in dogs with aging. Hence, it may be helpful to determine the nutrient contents in foods for senior dogs depending on the food type.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2003

This study was conducted to clarify on germination rate enhancement effect and to develope the growing seedling method on Sorbus commixta Hedl. The results were follows; The optimum temperature of stratification and germination of mountain ash was $5^{\circ}C$ the seed germination rate in wet stratification with sand at $5^{\circ}C$ for 90 days was 22.6% and the highest germination of 78.9% was observed when seed was soaked in BA 200ppm for 20 minute after stratification for 90 days at $5^{\circ}C$. The highest germination of large chinese hawthorn was 11.1% when seed was soaked BA 50ppm for 20 minute after stratification 90 days at $5^{\circ}C$. Emergence ratio in box raising seedling and pot seedling showed high, 93 and 95%. Root length and dry root weight in pot seedling for 50 days showed higher than that of direct seedling and box raising seedling, Plant height and dry leaf weight in box raising seedling showed higher than that of pot seedling and direct seedling. The growth increment of seedling was high between 40 days and 50 days after seedling. The excellent seedling of mountain ash was produced in pot seedling for 50 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1263-1263
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• 2001

The amounts of organic matter present in soil and the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover are influenced by agricultural management practice, such as rotation, tillage, forage plow down direct seeding and manure application. The amount of nutrients released from SOM is highly dependent upon the state of the organic matter. If it contains a large proportion of light fractions (low-density) more nutrients will be available to the glowing crops. However, if it contains mostly heavy fractions (high-density) that are difficult to breakdown, then lesser amounts of nutrients will be available. The state of the SOM and subsequent release of nutrients into the soil can be predicted by NIRS as long as a robust regression equation is developed. The NIRS method is known for its rapidity, convenience, simplicity, accuracy and ability to analyze many constituents at the same time. Our hypothesis is that the NIRS technique allows researchers to investigate fully and in more detail each field for the status of SOM, available moisture and other soil properties in Alberta soils for precision farming in the near future. One hundred thirty one (131) Alberta soils with various levels (low 2-6%, medium 6-10%, and high >10%) of organic matter content and most of dry land soils, including some irrigated soils from Southern Alberta, under various management practices were collected throughout Northern, Central and Southern Alberta. Two depths (0- 15 cm and 15-30 cm) of soils from Northern Alberta were also collected. These air-dried soil samples were ground through 2 mm sieve and scanned using Foss NIR System 6500 with transport module and natural product cell. With particle size above 150 microns only, the “Ludox” method (Meijboom, Hassink and van Noorwijk, Soil Biol. Biochem.27: 1109-1111, 1995) which uses stable silica, was used to fractionate SOM into light, medium and heavy fractions with densities of <1.13, 1.13-1.37 and >1.37 respectively, The SOM fraction with the particle size below 150 microns was discarded because practically, this fraction with very fine particles can't be further separated by wet sieving based on density. Total organic matter content, mechanical texture, ash after 375$^{\circ}C$, and dry matter (DM) were also determined by “standard” soil analysis methods. The NIRS regression equations were developed using Infra-Soft-International (ISI) software, version 3.11.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

It studies that effect of limestone of physicochemical characteristic on the performance of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and application examination for technology of wet type FGD process and to utilize the limestone in Donghae-Samcheok. The experiment method was measured total neutralizing capability (TNC) using the lab scale experimental apparatus based on the HCl titration test. The results of TNC of limestone samples were more dependent on the physical characteristics including particle size rather than chemical compositions such as CaO content and particle size of limestone get smaller, TNC is increased.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out an alternative way of rapid and accurate analysis of chemical composition of permanent pastures in hilly grazing area. Near reflectance infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate the potential for predicting proximate analysis of permanent pastures in a vegetative stage. 386 pasture samples obtained from hilly grazing area in 2015 and 2016 were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra from 400~2,400nm. 163 samples with different spectral characteristics were selected and analysed for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Multiple linear regression was used with wet analysis data and spectra for developing the calibration and validation mode1. Wavelength of 400 to 2500nm and near infrared range with different critical T outlier value 2.5 and 1.5 were used for developing the most suitable equation. The important index in this experiment was SEC and SEP. The $R^2$ value for moisture, CP, CA, CF, Ash, ADF, NDF in calibration set was 0.86, 0.94, 0.91, 0.88, 0.48 and 0.93, respectively. The value in validation set was 0.66, 0.86, 0.83, 0.71, 0.35 and 0.88, respectively. The results of this experiment indicate that NIRS is a reliable analytical method to assess forage quality for CP, CF, NDF except ADF and moisture in permanent pastures when proper samples incorporated into the equation development.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find out an alternative way of rapid and accurate analysis of forage quality. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate the possibility of forage analysis. 175 samples consisted of Italian ryegrass, whole crop barley and pea seeded spring in 2009 were collected. The samples were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and also scanned using NIRSystem with wavelength from 400~2,500 nm. Multiple linear regression was used with wet analysis data for developing the calibration model and validated unknown samples. The important index in this experiment were SEC, SEP. The r2 value for moisture, CP, CA, ADF, and NDF in calibration set was 0.65, 0.97, 0.93, 0.99, and 0.97 and also was 0.15, 0.94, 0.96, 0.98 and 0.98 in validation set, respectively. The results of this experiment indicates that NIRS was reliable analytical method to assess forage quality for CP, CA ADF and NDF except moisture content in forage when proper samples incorporated into the equation development.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2015

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of three different types of rice flour prepared via dry and wet milling. The powder, soft, and hard-types of rice flour were Suwon No. 542, Suwon No. 541, and Unbong No. 30, respectively. The analysis of the proximate compositions of the different types of rice flour showed that their moisture content was 7.03~7.99%, their crude protein was 7.94~8.35%, their crude lipid was 0.71~1.49% and their crude ash was 0.25~0.82%. For the Hunter's color values, the L value was highest in the wet-milled rice flour, the a value was highest in the dry-milled rice flour, and the b value was highest in the dry-milled rice flour. All the samples showed distinctive rice starch particles in the particle analysis using scanning electron microscope. The dry-milled rice flour showed the greatest amount of irregular particles and the coarsest texture. The water absorption and water solubility indices were higher in the wet-milled soft- and hard-type rice flour. The crystallinities of the samples by X-ray diffractography were all A-type, but the crystallinity of the dry-milled hard-type rice flour was higher in diffraction degree. For the amylogram properties, the wet-milled soft-type rice flour showed the highest maximum viscosity, breakdown and setback. In the meanwhile, the dry-milled soft-type rice flour showed the highest initial pasting temperature, onset, peak, and end temperatures despite of the reverse enthalpy.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2003

This study was conducted to provide the basic information to know reasonable method f3r the removal and treatment of municipal solid wastes(MSWs). MSWs four different sources(apartment residence, commerce, office/industry) in Daegu city were collected, and bulk density, physical composition, moisture, combustible, ash, elements and heating values were investigated. The values of bulk density were at range of 0.30∼0.41ton/m$^3$. The percentages of foods, papers, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of wet muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 27.3∼46.4%, 21.2∼38.4%, 10.3∼11.9%, 3.8∼5.2%, 0.5∼1.7%, 6.9∼8.7% and 1.9∼2.6% respectively. The percentages of papers, foods, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of dry muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 21.1∼40.4%, 14.2∼30.1%, 15.2∼17.8%, 4.0∼6.0%, 0.9∼2.8%, 12.2∼14.1% and 3.1∼3.7％ respectively. The moisture contents of foods, woods, textiles and papers in wastes were at range of 65.7∼76.2%, 34.6∼50.0%, 22.2∼44.8 and 30.6∼44.4% respectively. The carbon contents of vinyls/plastics, rubbers/leathers, textiles, woods, papers and foods in wastes were at range of 75.88∼79.87%, 58.24∼70.74%, 45.23∼51.63%, 42.29∼45.58%, 40.19∼48.4% and 25.86∼36.25% respectively. The low heating values of foods, papers, woods, textiles, rubbers/leathers and vinyls/plastics by Dulong's law were at range of 178∼1,353kcal/kg, 770∼1,660kcal/kg, 995∼1,629kcal/kg, 2,133∼2,432kca1/kg, 4,200∼7,275 kcal/kg and 6,384∼8,722kcal/kg respectively, and the high heating values of them were at range of 782∼2,056 kcal/kg, 2,459∼3,314kca1/kg, 3,056∼3,592kcal/kg, 4,381∼5,087kca1/kg, 5,005∼8,066kca1/kg and 10,032∼10,739 kcal/kg respectively.