• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2019

Purpose: Several studies have shown that the oral cavity is a secondary location for Helicobacter pylori colonization and that H. pylori is associated with the severity of periodontitis. This study investigated whether H. pylori had an effect on the periodontium. We established an invasion model of a standard strain of H. pylori in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs), and evaluated the effects of H. pylori on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Methods: Different concentrations of H. pylori were used to infect hPDLFs, with 6 hours of co-culture. The multiplicity of infection in the low- and high-concentration groups was 10:1 and 100:1, respectively. The Cell Counting Kit-8 method and Ki-67 immunofluorescence were used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blots were used to detect cell cycle progression. In the high-concentration group, the invasion of H. pylori was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: It was found that H. pylori invaded the fibroblasts, with cytoplasmic localization. Analyses of cell proliferation and flow cytometry showed that H. pylori inhibited the proliferation of periodontal fibroblasts by causing G2 phase arrest. The inhibition of proliferation and G2 phase arrest were more obvious in the high-concentration group. In the low-concentration group, the G2 phase regulatory factors cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C) were upregulated, while cyclin B1 was inhibited. However, in the high-concentration group, cyclin B1 was upregulated and CDK1 was inhibited. Furthermore, the deactivated states of tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK1 (CDK1-Y15) and serine phosphorylation of Cdc25C (Cdc25C-S216) were upregulated after H. pylori infection. Conclusions: In our model, H. pylori inhibited the proliferation of hPDLFs and exerted an invasive effect, causing G2 phase arrest via the Cdc25C/CDK1/cyclin B1 signaling cascade. Its inhibitory effect on proliferation was stronger in the high-concentration group.

• 한국노년학
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.475-496
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• 2017

본 연구의 주된 목적은 한국 어린이의 노인에 대한 태도를 명시적 태도와 암묵적 태도로 나누어 그 현황을 탐색하는 것이다. 자기보고식 척도로 측정하는 명시적 연령차별 태도는 사회적 바람직성에 의한 영향으로 인하여 과소 보고될 가능성이 크기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 명시적 태도 측정과 더불어 암묵적 태도 측정 조사를 병행하여 어린이의 연령차별적 태도에 대해 입체적인 이해를 시도하였다. 명시적 태도는 기존연구들에서 사용하는 방식의 자기기입식 조사인 선호도척도, 웃는 얼굴 5점 척도를 통하여 수집하였으며, 암묵적 태도는 아동용 암묵적 연령 연합검사(Children Implicit Age-association Test)를 사용하여 수집하였다. 서울 및 수도권의 초등학교 4~6학년 초등학생 503명을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 기술통계, t-test, 일원분산분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 아동의 노인에 대한 명시적 태도와 암묵적 태도에 차이가 발견되어, 노인에 대한 암묵적 태도는 뚜렷한 부정성을 보였으나 명시적 태도는 그보다 낮은 부정적 성향이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 초등학교 고학년 시기에 이미 노인에 대한 부정적인 이미지를 내면화 하였다는 점, 그러나 편견에 대한 교육, 효 사상 등에 기인하는 사회적 바람직성의 영향으로 인해 명시적 태도 표현이 조절되었을 가능성을 시사한다. 한편 암묵적 태도와 명시적 태도간의 차이는 명시적 태도의 측정 방식에 따라 그 크기가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 노인과 비노인 집단에 대해 독립적으로 응답이 가능한 측정에서는 중립적인 태도를 보인 반면, 독립적인 응답이 불가능한 양자택일의 상황이 주어진 경우에는 노인에 대한 상대적인 선호가 낮은 경향이 발견되었다. 본 연구결과는 아동의 노인에 대한 연령차별적 태도 측정방식의 정교화와 다양화가 요구됨을 의미한다. 또한 아동의 노인에 대한 명시적 태도와 암묵적 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인의 탐색과 함께, 유아와 초등학교 저학년 등 보다 어린아동을 대상으로 하는 후속연구가 필요하다고 본다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.270-286
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• 2019

Purpose: Despite the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in periodontal health, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D on strengthening E-cadherin junctions (ECJs) was explored in human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). ECJs are the major type of intercellular junction within the junctional epithelium, where loose intercellular junctions develop and microbial invasion primarily occurs. Methods: HOK-16B cells, an immortalized normal human gingival cell line, were used for the study. To mimic the inflammatory environment, cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the culture medium were assessed by an MMP antibody microarray and gelatin zymography. The expression of various molecules was investigated using western blotting. The extent of ECJ development was evaluated by comparing the average relative extent of the ECJs around the periphery of each cell after immunocytochemical E-cadherin staining. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression was examined via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: $TNF-{\alpha}$ downregulated the development of the ECJs of the HGKs. Dissociation of the ECJs by $TNF-{\alpha}$ was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9 production and suppressed by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor, Bay 11-7082. Exogenous MMP-9 decreased the development of ECJs. Vitamin D reduced the production of MMP-9 and attenuated the breakdown of ECJs in the HGKs treated with $TNF-{\alpha}$. In addition, vitamin D downregulated $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling in the HGKs. VDR was expressed in the gingival epithelium, including the junctional epithelium. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin D may avert $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced downregulation of the development of ECJs in HGKs by decreasing the production of MMP-9, which was upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Vitamin D may reinforce ECJs by downregulating $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling, which is upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Strengthening the epithelial barrier may be a way for vitamin D to protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제52호
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• pp.157-183
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• 2017

근대는 서구 문명이 보편으로 자리잡은 시기였지만, 유학적 자산에 대한 근대적 성찰은 한국적 근대, 주체적 주체를 물을 수 있는 토대가 되었다. 박은식은 양명학적 사상 전환과 진아론을 통해 근대적 맥락에서 유학문명을 재건하였다. 특히 진아론은 주체의 역사성을 강조했던 신채호의 '아(我)'와 함께 이성적 주체란 보편타자에 매몰되지 않은 한국 근대 주체를 정립했다는 측면에서 매우 중요한 철학적 진전이었다. 타자화된 주체성으로는 보편타자의 폭력성을 넘어서 제국주의침략을 극복하고 새로운 삶을 전망할 수 없었기 때문이다. 자강기에는 서구 근대문명 수용이 불가피하다고 인식되었고 박은식 역시 신학(新學) 및 그 정수인 물질학(物質學[과학(科學)])의 필요성을 인정하였다. 그러나 박은식은 신학 수용이 곧 유학의 전면적 부정으로 귀결되어서는 안 된다고 보았다. 그는 유학을 기존의 성리학적 메커니즘에서 벗어나, 양지(良知)를 사상적 기축으로 근대사회에서 유학본지를 구현하고자 하였다. 그는 유학이 평등시대를 구현해야 한다고 전제하고, 유학이념을 실현할 주체로서 민중 혹은 무문자(無文者)를 제시하였다. 무문자는 성리학적 구습에 얽매이지 않고 양지를 그대로 발현할 수 있다는 점에서 진아(眞我)이기도 하였다. 진아는 개인적 영욕화복을 계교하지 않고 시비판단과 실천을 능동적으로 할 수 있는 근대주체였으며, 한국 독립은 물론 세계 평화를 구현할 주축이기도 하였다. 지금 우리는 탈식민주의적 관점에서 전근대 및 근대적 유산을 새롭게 성찰할 필요가 있는데, 박은식의 진아론을 통해 이 두 가지 문제에 대한 실마리를 얻을 수 있다. 진아는 서구적 보편성에 대응할 유학적 보편성[인(仁), 양지(良知)]과 함께 민족적 주체성[자가정신(自家精神)] 및 문화적 정체성[국혼(國魂)]을 담지한 근대적 주체였다. 그러나 진아는 이성적 주체와 달리 타자에 대한 배제와 차별의 원리는 아니었다는 점에서 근대적 경계를 향유하면서도 근대 너머를 지향했다고 하겠다. 또 하나는 유럽중심주의적 근대 인식의 '밖'을 사유하는 전략 중의 하나로써 유학적 자산을 재음미하는 것이다. 특히 박은식이 유학을 민중 중심의 평등시대 평화이념으로 체계화한 것은 시사하는 바가 크다.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제53호
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• pp.131-163
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• 2017

우리는 근대의 본질과 수용의 타당성에 대해 성찰하기 전에 이미 일본이라는 타자에 의해 이식된 근대 속에 던져졌으며, 이로 인해 근대에 대한 가치 판단은 유보되거나 정서상 회피, 또는 비판적으로 접근할 수밖에 없었다. 아울러 구한말 전통 문화와 사상의 무기력함으로 인해 야기된 망국의 상황도 사람들이 근대에 대한 부정적인 인식을 갖게 하는 원인이 되었다. 그러나 근대란 연속되는 역사 시간 속에서 전통과 현대라는 상대적 개념 속에서 자신의 위치를 규정받는다. 따라서 회피하거나 망각하고 싶은 근대라 할지라도 현대를 이해하고 그 원류가 된 전통 시기를 파악하기 위해서는 근대에 대한 정면적인 직시가 필요하다. 근대의 실패는 전통 계승의 실패라 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 전통 계승 실패의 원인을 분석해 가다보면 우리가 근대를 실패한 시기로 인식하는 원인의 일부를 알 수 있지 않을까? 과거와의 단절을 꾀하는 반전통주의는 서구 교육의 전래와 깊은 연관이 있다. 신교육은 반전통주의를 서구화 교육의 중요한 요소로 활용하였다. 서구문화를 추종하는 개화론자들은 조선이 뒤처지게 된 원인을 전통교육에서 찾았다. 따라서 조선이 새로 태어나기 위해서는 전통과의 단절, 그리고 급격한 서구화가 필요하다고 생각했다. 그러나 이러한 반전통주의는 근대교육으로의 진전이라기보다는 서구교육에 대한 일방적인 예속이라고 볼 수 있다. 신교육의 일각에서 나타나는 극단적인 반전통적 입장은 기존의 교육 체제를 철저히 부정하였을 뿐만 아니라 수천 년간 계승되어 내려온 교육 내용과 형식마저도 도외시함으로써 문화적 주체성을 잃어버리게 되었다. 서구 교육의 수용이 지닌 양면성을 고려할 때, 전통교육을 부정하는 모든 신교육을 곧 근대교육으로 파악하는 단선적 이해 방식은 재고되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 구한말 발간된 잡지와 신문의 전통 교육 계승 관련 글들을 중심으로 근대 지식인들이 전통을 바라보는 다양한 시각을 있는 그대로 이해하고자 한다. 아울러 전통 단절 원인과 그것의 결과로 야기된 교육적 병폐의 양상을 논함으로써 오늘날 새롭게 조명해야 할 전통적 요소를 찾아 교육적 참고로 삼고자 한다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2021

Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Sogyunghwalhyel-tang-gamibang (SGHHTGB) in cell and animal models and also to suggest one of putative mechanisms underlying its anti-arthritic effects. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in culture medium and blood serum and nitric oxide (NO) was assayed by Griess reagent. The expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed by Western blot method. Results In a cell model using RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the drug, at its non-cytotoxic concentrations, inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, it suppressed the expression of the inflammatory enzyme iNOS and COX-2, and reduced the synthesis of the enzyme product NO (as stable nitrite) and PGE2 in activated macrophages. Meanwhile, in an animal model using rheumatic arthritis (RA) mice induced with injection of type II collagen antibody (CAb) and LPS, the drug improved clinical symptom of arthritis and reduced paw thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. In blood of RA mice, the drug reduced serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, nitrite, and PGE2, all inflammatory mediators produced by activated macrophages. Conclusions SGHHTGB may ameliorate CAb and LPS-induced RA in mice, presumably by inactivating macrophages that are capable of initiating joint inflammation by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and expressing inflammatory enzymes.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2022

Objectives : Yukil-san (YIS, 六一散; Liu yi san) is composed of Talcum and Glycyrrhizae Radix, the name is said to be derived from the proportion of the two herbal components of the formula. The YIS originated from 'Formulas from the discussion illuminating the Yellow Emperor's Basic Question'(黃帝素問宣明論方; Huang di su wen xuan ming lun fang) written by Liu Wan-Su (劉完素). YIS could clear summerheat, resolve dampness, and augment the qi. This formula may be used to treat the common cold, influenza, acute gastroenteritis, cystitis, urethritis and bacillary dysentery. But, there is insufficient of study about the effects of YIS on the anti-inflammatory activities. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of YIS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA kit. The expression of proteins related with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were assessed by western blot analysis. Results : YIS significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS increased by LPS, and thus significantly inhibited the production of NO. In addition, YIS significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the regulation of inflammation, NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role. YIS inhibited the expression of p-IκBα and thus inhibited the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Conclusions : These results suggest that YIS ameliorates inflammatory response in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, via suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Therefore, this study provides objective evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of YIS including the underlying mechanisms.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.80.1-80.13
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• 2020

Background: In suckling piglets, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes lethal diarrhea accompanied by high infection and mortality rates, leading to considerable economic losses. This study explored methods of preventing or inhibiting their production. Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 (APB-13) has antibacterial, antiviral, and immune functions. Objectives: This study analyzed the efficacy of APB-13 against TGEV through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: The effects of APB-13 toxicity and virus inhibition rate on swine testicular (ST) cells were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The impact of APB-13 on virus replication was examined through the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀). The mRNA and protein levels were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB). Tissue sections were used to detect intestinal morphological development. Results: The safe and effective concentration range of APB-13 on ST cells ranged from 0 to 62.5 ㎍/mL, and the highest viral inhibitory rate of APB-13 was 74.1%. The log₁₀TCID₅₀ of 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was 3.63 lower than that of the virus control. The mRNA and protein expression at 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was significantly lower than that of the virus control at 24 hpi. Piglets in the APB-13 group showed significantly lower viral shedding than that in the virus control group, and the pathological tissue sections of the jejunum morphology revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: APB-13 exhibited good antiviral effects on TGEV in vivo and in vitro.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.74.1-74.16
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• 2022

Background: Previous studies have presented evidence to support the significant association between red meat intake and colon cancer, suggesting that heme iron plays a key role in colon carcinogenesis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major constituent of green tea, exhibits anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects. However, the effect of EGCG on red meat-associated colon carcinogenesis is not well understood. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on colon carcinogenesis and the underlying mechanism of action. Methods: Hemin and EGCG were treated in Caco2 cells to perform the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We investigated the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on an azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model. Results: In Caco2 cells, hemin increased cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and ROS levels. EGCG suppressed hemin-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression as well as mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Hemin increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, but decreased Keap1 expression. EGCG enhanced hemin-induced Nrf2 and antioxidant gene expression. Nrf2 inhibitor reversed EGCG reduced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression. In AOM/DSS mice, hemin treatment induced hyperplastic changes in colon tissues, inhibited by EGCG supplementation. EGCG reduced the hemin-induced numbers of total aberrant crypts and malondialdehyde concentration in the AOM/DSS model. Conclusions: We demonstrated that EGCG reduced hemin-induced proliferation and colon carcinogenesis through Nrf2-inhibited mitochondrial ROS accumulation.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of herbal medicines on pacemaker potentials of large intestinal interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) in mice. Methods : We made the ICC culture in large intestine in mice and used the electrophysiological method to record pacemaker potentials. Also we used MTT assay to check cell viability and examined the ICC protein expression by western blot. Results : 1.Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer (GF) (50-150 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 58.95 ㎍/ml. Angelica gigas (AG) (50-200 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 77.22 ㎍/ml. Poncirus fructus (PF) (10-100 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 13.39 ㎍/ml. Citrus unshiu S. Marcov. (CU) (10-500 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 139.80 ㎍/ml. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJ) (100-500 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 78.70 ㎍/ml. Coptis chinensis (CC) (100-1000 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. EC₅₀ is 138.10 ㎍/ml. Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) (10-100 ㎍/ml) had no effects on pacemaker potentials and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. IC₅₀ is 18.34 ㎍/ml. Atractylodes macrocephala koidzumi (AM) (10-100 ㎍/ml) induced pacemaker hyperpolarizations and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. IC₅₀ is 18.54 ㎍/ml. 2. PF, SB and AM had no effects on cell death in large ICC. 3. PF increased the ANO1 and c-kit protein expression and SB and AM increased the c-kit protein expression in large ICC. Conclusions : These results suggest that PF, SB, and AM are likely to be the optimal combination of herbal medicines that can be used to treat diseases such as gastrointestinal motility disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome.