• 인문언어
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.141-158
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• 2001

Criticism of today finds itself in an awkward situation, for it is now being transformed in the same way that literature and the arts were transformed by the avant-garde movements at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It is characterized predominantly by a break with harmony and with the values of realism. As such, it is driven by a post-modem ethos, an artistic, social, and cultural phenomenon that veers toward open, fragmentary, and indeterminate forms. In this paper, I examine today's most urgent social and cultural issues with reference to artistic production and criticism, in order to illuminate the true nature of criticism. The outstanding questions in the world of art criticism are given in five categories: the lack of critical reality in argumentative criticism; the problem of artistic and literary production in global capitalism; the artistic mind and its consciousness of socio-historical ideology; anxiety of the rise of cyberjournalistic criticism; and the question of subordination to western systems in the field of interpretation and criticism. For my analysis, I have tried to formulate a three-dimensional critique structure that will help us organize the relationships between the points of argument: 1) criticism as a creative force behind the artist; 2) criticism as critique of artistic production; and 3) criticism as critique of other critics. This multi-layered structure will be appropriate to our task of interpretation and evaluation, as the proposed complex structure of criticism will be able to embrace the diverse aspects of our problematic argument. In the final analysis, my argument resolves itself into a question of art, more specifically into a question of criticism as a protective device of art in an age threatened by globalization and cultural monopolization.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.43-80
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• 2007

PASKYULA was formed in September, 1923 through the union of artists involved in two art groups: Kim Ki-Jin, Kim Bok-Jin, Yeon Hak-Nyeon who had previously participated in the ToWolHoi, and Park Young-Hi, Lee Sang-Hwa, An Seok-Ju, former members of the BaeckJo. After its founding, the PASKYULA artists had been searching for the social function of art to reform the harsh reality of Minjung and the nation with criticism toward society as well as art world. Their art theory for MinJung could grow relatively ease in relation to changing social and political conditions in the early 1920s. In August, 1925, PASKYULA organized the Korea Artista Proletaria Federatio with the YeomGunSa, and laid the groundwork for Proletariat art movement which was regularized in the late 1920s. From PASKYULA up to the early state of KAPF, the theory of art advocated by Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju could be summarized as "art for MinJung". At that time, widely ranging discourses on MinJung, however, was spawned in art theory, because many intellectuals-including artists and writers-begun to pay more attention to MinJung, who emerged as one of the social forces after the Samil Independent Movement. Sometimes, MinJung was construed as the target of enlightenment from a negative viewpoint. On the other hand, several intellectuals under the influence of individualism asserted that the discussion itself on MinJung exerted an evil influence on art. In contrast of these cases, the PASKYULA artists including Kim Bok-Jin, An Seok-Ju perceived that MinJung had the potential to change society, and regarded them as "a creator of genuine civilization and art". In the PASKYULA artist's writings, the concept of MinJung was often overlapped with the meaning of the Choson nation suffering under colony. Although their concept of MinJung was transformed gradually into the proletariat as they were under the strong influence of socialism, it did not change that they grasped the realities of the whole Choson Peninsula through the proletarian consciousness. In the early state of PASKYULA, the methodology for social function of art was presented in a twofold manner. First of all, Kim Bok-Jin emphasized on the necessity of education to improve MinJung's way of life through art, and it was embodied by the organization of ToWol Art Workshop and public lecture. Also, he championed "the popularization of art", which was one of methods to distribute art to MinJung. According to the PASKYULA artists, art should be not art for art' sake but art for MinJung. That was why they advocated the convergence of art and MinJung's life. Especially Kim Bok-Jin affirmed a link between art and industry because he considered industry the field inextricably linked with MinJung's life. In this context, his idea could be read as the generalization and equalization within the framework of possession. Kim Bok-Jin thought that the social ramifications of capitalism deprived MinJung of their right to enjoy art, and emphasized the artist' social role to return the right to them. That is, the even distribution of art was mainly discussed than the contents of art in the half of 1920s. By 1925, the contents of art itself became an issue in the PASKYULA art theory, and it was based in realism. Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju insisted that art should be reflection of real life. At that time, realism acquired the representation of MinJung and the nation's realities not realistic style. In fact, the various Western art styles including Futurism, Constructivism, Cubism etc. were exploited in the PASKYULA's visual images. Western art, target of criticism on theory, was selectively adopted in the works which were produced by Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju. Kim Bok-Jin's MoonYeUnDong cover design was conceived of as the example in which Western art was adopted with it's ideology under the influence of MAVO, while Western art shown in An Seok-Ju's illustrations served as a decorative function in many cases. Especially, An Seok-Ju attempted the various styles of Western art simultaneously, which may be seen as representing that PASKYULA did not have a firm ideology for their style. Also, it can be read as showing his hasty zeal to overcome Western art rapidly. The wish to establish "art for MinJung" as soon as possible was accompanied with the will to jump over the all steps of Western art though it was superficial. This aspiration of PASKYULA was expressed through the mass media, which had the potential for communicating to MinJung. At this point, there was a significant disparity between PASKYULA and another art groups in the first half of 1920s. However, the PASKYULA's method on the basis of the mass media could not but have a certain limitation because of the medium's properties. Nevertheless, PASKYULA' attempts may be considered to be valuable in sense that they expended the boundaries of Korean modern art into the commercial art questioning the matter of the distribution for art.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제10호
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• pp.183-202
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• 2010

The term "philosophizing art" was coined by Arthur Danto, who tried to define new forms of art, especially Andy Warhol's pop art appeared in New York after 1960's, which could not be explained by traditional concept of "representation". As Danto said "the term 'philosophizing art' is unclear, whether art discusses philosophical issues or art is the object of philosophic discussions", it does not seem like Danto himself had a specific idea when he used this term. The background for Danto coining this term derives from the fact that the old art concept such as denotation and connotation could not fully explain phenomenalistic aspects of concept art which appeared frequently at that time. Many articles in his book "philosophizing art", in which many of his criticism are included, mainly say that art begins philosophizing by dealing with not mimesis or representation but concepts. According to his argument, the history of western art, which has been consisted of mimesis and representation, has come to end when art is about physically embodied with meaning. Of course, as Danto say so, what goes to end is not art itself, but the narrative of art. It means master narrative saying art should be shown different from nature or artificial daily product is over. Danto could not find principals of mimesis and representation which had been main logic in the western art history, when he saw Andy Warhol's Brillo Boxes at Stable Gallery, New York in 1964. Danto questioned "if we can not distinguish Brillo box's artistic aspects visually from other factory-made products, how can we distinguish art from non-art", By answering those questions, he discovered two facts which made him realize the end of Art: One is there is no special way in which works of art have to be shown or has to exist. Therefore, art history has proven that commercial boxes, trashes and files of underwear can be a work of art. The other is we have fully recognized it at the end of 20thcentury. Danto confessed that through Brillo Boxes, he realized the works of art are decided by something can not be seen by eyes, not by distinguished differences by looking at it. This thesis is trying to show personal understanding about art, philosophy and discourses surrounding them and to figure out how Dante opened a new world to art criticism by using new definitions such as 'end of art' and 'philosophizing art' which Danto used to explain inner aspects of art.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제16호
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• pp.7-40
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• 2013

Historian Eric J. Hobsbawm once said "the task that historians have is to analyze the meanings of the past within the context of society and to track the changes and implementation." It would not be too far of a stretch to apply Hobsbawm's quote to art historian since art history, although quite specific, is still history. In addition, Hobsbaum also asserted that, "a mold called the past continuously forms the present or at least thought to be." It is my recognition that the major westernization of the last century took place under the Japanese colonization which served as the channel to usher in western art; however, the current 20thcentury Korean art history fails to recognize that the mold of the past, namely western art in this case, has formed the modern art of the present. Based on this recognition, attention was given to what lacked in the analysis of the current 20th-century Korean art history in terms of "Informel" which was identified as the turning point towards "modern art" in the Korean art history as well as the following "experimental art." My belief is that the art history of Korea has to be reassessed from, a socio-cultural perspective as well as adopting multi-level and diachronic understanding. However, the existing Korean art, especially the one between the end of 1950s to the 1970s was based on the perspective of "severance"; thus, raising the needs for the starting point of a new perspective. It is my conviction that meta perspective on writing is most essential in order to lay a solid basis for the Korean art scene to have a productive discussion. I feel the utmost necessity to reinterpret the typified history analysis and criticism which stemmed from the trauma under the Japanese colonization. The most urgent task is to avoid academic closeness and to share the research. Painting is an individual expression of the artist, but the act of expression is not free from the cultural and societal influence to which the artist belongs.

• 한국화예디자인학연구
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• 제45호
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• pp.77-95
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• 2021

본 논문은 우리의 화예가 극복해야할 현실의 문제를 서구중심의 형식주의(기능주의) 꽃문화의 팽배로 인해 야기되는 화예정신의 상실로 보고, 화예정신의 회복을 위한 논의를 낯설게 바라보기의 탈형식성과 노마디즘의 자유정신에 대한 논의를 통해 고찰하고자 한다. 꽃을 매개로 창작자의 심미적 정신세계를 작품화 하는 화예(華藝)는 창작 주체의 자유로운 정신세계를 중시하는 심상예술에 해당한다. 이것은 대상 세계를 재현하는 '닮음의 표현'을 넘어 대상 세계를 '자기화'하는 의상(意象)예술로서 작가의식의 중요성을 말하는 것이기도 하다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 현재 국내에서 이루어지는 화예창작 과정들을 살펴볼 때 한국화예의 정체성에 대한 고민의 부재는 서구식 표현 기법과 창작방법에 경도된 국내 화예작가들의 창작수련과 작품활동으로 나타난다. 또한 이것은 플라워디자인이라는 서구의 꽃문화에 경도된 우리의 문화의식에 대한 문제점을 표명하는 것이기도 하다. 여기서 우리는 서양의 플라워디자인에 의해 경도된 한국화예의 현실정을 이해하고, 그 문제의 해결을 위한 논의를 구성해 나아가야할 의무를 부여받게 된다. 그러므로 본 연구는 한국 화예의 정체성을 모색하고 한국 화예의 문화적 가치를 제고하기 위한 일환으로 우리의 화예가 극복해야할 문제점을 서구의 문화수용에 대한 비판을 통해 고찰한다. 이것은 한국화예가 회복해야할 본질에 대한 역사적 고찰이 되는 동시에 심미예술로서 화예가 견지해야할 자유로운 창작정신에 대한 의미를 규명하는 과정이 된다. 더욱이 이와 같은 한국의 화예문화에 대한 비판과 자기성찰의 논의는 한국화예의 '정체성'에 대한 논의를 구체화 하는 동시에 화예를 위한 학문적 담론체계를 더욱 확대시키는 계기가 될 것이라고 기대한다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is research on the characteristics of post-modernism expressed on western hair styles in the late 20th century. Therefore this thesis analyzed the relationship of modernism & the hair styles of that mage and post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. That will re-illuminate the same beauty worth of same age as to accurate the concept of post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. And the last, criticizing the post-modernism design and that hair design, helping to find new trends. The method of this study was the literature research & analysis of visual materials focus on upper bust image that can know the relationship of modernism & the hair styles of that mage, and post-modernism & the hair styles of that mage. First, the literature research is composed of analysis of theses, magazines on art, clothing and cosmetology having the contents of 20th century western culture, art and hair styles. Second, the analysis of visual materials is composed of analysis of video films, slide films and photographs of books, magazines, and internet home-pages. Modern western hair styles, appeared after 1910's, is represented as a short cut & permanent wave. That express experimentalism, functionalism, and purism, that is same as the other art's trend of same age. Post-modern western hair styles, appeared after 1960's, also show the same trend with same age's. This summarized & characterized 8 categories; historical method, pluralism, negotiation, escape from the formality, recovery of humanity, ornament, connection with race, metaphor & symbolism. But post-modernism concentrating pluralism makes easy making low quality art and absence of criticism, so this thesis criticised it 5 categories; absence of ideas, absence of the social sense of responsibility, lost of one's characteristics, decline of skills, decline of worth of usages.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제2호
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• pp.75-120
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• 2004

국내의 서양미술 관련 연구 장은 유럽과 미국 도시들과의 불가피한 거리 시간상의 차이로 인해 이미 '그곳'에서 '역사의 보편화 작업'이 종료된 사건들만을 재차 다룰 수밖에 없는 딜레마에 봉착해 있다. 이 같은 사실이 국내의 미술작용에 미치는 영향은 결코 단순하지 않다. 지극히 제한적으로만 원전의 생산과 그에 관련된 조건들에 접근이 허용됨으로써 연구가 피상적 수준에 머물 수밖에 없는 것이 그 한 예이다. 그럼에도 그 같은 피상적 연구들이 국내 미술 장의 어떤 정치, 권력적 문맥 안에서 상대적인 우위를 점함으로써 야기되어온 숱한 문제들이 또한 있다. 서양미술의 흐름과의 관계에서 그간 국내 미술이 보여주었던 과도한 연동성, 곧 '동화와 일치의 메커니즘'은 이 같은 원인이 초래한 결과다. 그럼에도, 국내의 서양미술사, 미술이론 영역의 연구들은 여전히 이 차이의 공간에 내재하는 컨텍스트를 간과함으로써, 결과적으로 서양미술의 '원전적' 정보를 매개하거나 확대 재생산하는 것에 지나지 않는 심각한 존재론적 한계를 노정해왔다. 또 국내의 서양미술사, 미술이론연구는 자신의 학문적 영역을 정당화하는 범주론과 영역주의 안에 거함으로써, 사이 공간에서 야기되는 복잡한 정치권력적 함의들을 독해해내는 데 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이와 같은 현실에서 우리는 서양미술사, 미술이론을 보다 반성적인 학문으로 이끌어야 하는데, 그러기 위해서는 학문으로서 결코 현실에 대해 어떠한 특권적 지위도 가지려해선 안 된다는 사실을 확인해야만 한다. 그러면서 지금 우리의 삶과 존재에 보다 예민하고 긴밀하게 관여하는 학문이기를 소망해야 할 것이다. 국내의 서양미술사, 미술이론연구 장이 다시 인력과 지원의 활발한 움직임들을 끌어들이고, 그들(그것들)과 함께 인간과 문명에 대한 공동성찰의 장으로 나서기 위해서는 객관성이라는 허구와 역사의 기계적이고 중립적인 독해로부터, 그리고 "토론장에서 마른 빵을 먹어치우는" 창백한 관습에서 사건들이 터지고 수습되는 뜨거운 현실로부터 새로이 출발할 수 있어야한다. 그리하여 충돌하는 두 개의 문화권역 사이에 끼어 분열을 경험하는 지식인 특유의 명석함으로 현실을 직시하고, 그 안에서 분별력 있는 선택과 판단에 필요한 조건들을 찾아내야 할 것이다. 예속과 자율의 변증법적인 관계 속에서 새로운 한국미술, 세계미술의 출범이 어떠해야 할 것인가를 끊임없이 제안하는 것, 그것이 서양미술사, 미술연구의 새로운 좌표가 되어야 할 것이다.

• 복식
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 2008

This study focuses on the analysis of Baudelaire's aesthetic perspective which has established a theoretical basis on research of the critical reviews' salon exhibitions as written by Baudelaire. Charles Pierre Baudelaire(1821-1867) having lived during the latter part of Neo-classicism and the era of Romanticism and Impressionism, Baudelaire displayed opposition to customary realities such as social ideology or religious authority that suppressed human nature. Also he pioneered a new genre known as art criticism and wrote much that provided important insights on the essential elements of artistic work, modernity and trend, as well as art definition and art categories. The aesthetic perspective and creative spirit were formed by Baudelaire, during his age were also reconfirmed in the successive ages of modernism and postmodernism. As such, this study sheds light on how Baudelaire's aesthetic perspective was not only temporarily assertion but it is consistently applied to modern art and fashion area. What is more important that, Baudelaire admired new artificial beauty that is created by the human soul liberated from natural instincts or desires. Especially, informed by strangeness and distinctiveness, Baudelaire's view of fashion ran along the same vein as his view of art, and these views form the basis of that creative spirit which situated western fashion on a center of the world. In conclusion, the research on Baudelaire's aesthetic perspective will reaffirm a firm awareness of the creative spirit essential to globally-oriented creative artists and designers who work within the circumstance of the 21st century, a time when the paving of new aesthetic paths is necessary. The research also offers a clear understanding of the aesthetic values demanded by this age.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제37권
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• pp.81-107
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• 2014

Freud's' discovery of the unconscious' is a great revolution. Because of this, human beings were able to get the opportunity to look into their inner than honest. Lu Xun and Guo Mo Ruo a pair of realism and romanticism literature representative of Chinese modern literature writers. They then absorb the psychoanalytic theory o Freud along with other Western zeitgeist, introduce them widely inliterary theory and creative practice, which was again. Lu Xun was reflected in the human world of the unconscious Freud uncovered on the basis of strict realism literary spirit, Guo Mo Ruo is in accordance with the romantic literary time for the purpose of 'art for art' depicting a man's inner psychological well did. Although Freud spirit they claim to social and literary artistry of literature based on different yarns in the Acceptance of analytical theory, has the characteristics of a common sentiment analysis method to express and describe the unconscious human potential. 5.4 When Lu Xun and Guo Mo Ruo China Journalism writers, including Freud's psychoanalytic theory has embraced the Enlightenment and the old feudal society was a major contribution to want to read exactly what the human inner hearing. Chinese modern literature writers have to accept sometimes positive, sometimes accepting the psychoanalytic theory was intellectually sharp criticism, which could be a great instrument in time to the 5.4 Enlightenment and psychological fiction novel further development.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2007

Many historical research and facet about modern art in Indonesia which formulating background of contemporary Indonesian Art. Indonesian art critic Sanento Yuliman states that Modern art has been rapidly developing in Indonesia since the Indonesian Independence in 1945. Modern Art is a part of the super culture of the Indonesian metropolitan and is closely related to the contact between the Indonesian and Western Cultures. Its birth was part of the nationalism project, when the Indonesian people consists of various ethnics were determined to become a new nation, the Indonesian nation, and they wished for a new culture, and therefore, a new art. The period 1960s, which was the beginning of the creation and development of the painters and the painters associations, was the first stage of the development of modern art in Indonesia. The second stage showed the important role of the higher education institutes for art. These institutes have developed since the 1950s and in the 1970s they were the main education institutes for painters and other artists. The artists awareness of the medium, forms or the organization of shapes were encouraged more intensely and these encouraged the exploring and experimental attitudes. Meanwhile, the information about the world's modern art, particularly Western Art; was widely and rapidly spread. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by the development of various abstractions and abstract art and the great number of explorations in various new media, like the experiment with collage, assemblage, mixed media. The works of the Neo Art Movement-group in the second half of the 1970s and in the 1980s shows environmental art and installations, influenced by the elements of popular art, from the commercial world and mass media, as well as the involvement of art in the social and environmental affairs. The issues about the environment, frequently launched by the intellectuals in the period of economic development starting in the 1970s, echoed among the artists, and they were widened in the social, art and cultural circles. The Indonesian economic development following the important change in the 1970s has caused a change in the life of the middle and upper class society, as has the change in various aspects of a big city, particularly Jakarta. The new genre emerged in 1975 which indicates contemporary art in Indonesia, when a group of young artists organized a movement, which was widely known as the Indonesian New Art Movement. This movement criticized international style, universalism and the long standing debate on an east-west-dichotomy. As far as the actual practice of the arts was concerned the movement criticized the domination of the art of painting and saw this as a sign of stagnation in Indonesian art development. Based on this criticism 'the movement' introduced ready-mades and installations (Jim Supangkat). Takes almost two decades that the New Art Movement activists were establishing Indonesian Installation art genre as contemporary paradigm and influenced the 1980's gene ration like, FX Harsono, Dadang Christanto, Arahmaiani, Tisna Sanjaya, Diyanto, Andarmanik, entering the 1990's decade as "rebellion period" ; reject towards established aesthetic mainstream i.e. painting, sculpture, graphic art which are insufficient to express "new language" and artistic needs especially to mediate social politic and cultural situation. Installation Art which contains open possibilities of creation become a vehicle for aesthetic establishment rejection and social politics stagnant expression in 1990s. Installation art accommodates two major field; first, the rejection of aesthetic establishment has a consequences an artists quest for medium; deconstruction models and cross disciplines into multi and intermedia i.e. performance, music, video etc. Second aspect is artists' social politic intention for changes, both conclude as characteristics of Indonesian Installation Art and establishing the freedom of expression in contemporary Indonesian Art until today.