• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2001

Objectives : Many women associate one or more of their pregnancies with the development of adult obesity. This study was designed to determine influencing factors on postpartum weight retention and whether the breast-feeding was available to weight loss in puerperium. Methods : Articles from the literature on 'postpartum weight retention' were examined. Results : These articles show that different factors were related with postpartum weight retention. This study suggests that moderate weight gain during pregnancy is important to prevent postpartum maternal obesity. Especially weight gain from 20 weeks to 36 weeks of pregnancy is important. Falling in depression and anxiety during postpartum period should be avoided and social support is also needed. Delivery at the financially secure status is also recommended. Sufficient physical activity and exercise are needed to prevent from postpartum weight retention. Weight loss with dieting and exercise during lactation don't have a bad influence on the growth of infants.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 2003

Purpose: To explain the concept of postpartum weight retention and to analyze factor effect on it. Method: A total of 20 studies related postpartum weight retention were selected in the year of 1988-2001 and analysis was done. Result: A demographic factor like parity, age, social and economic level and life style such as exercise, diet, breast feeding are influential factor on postpartum retention weight. But parts of them don't agree the same results. Meanwhile, in some studies, psychological factor like women's self esteem related to postpartum retention weight, body image change, depressing is found to be very related. As a result, postpartum overweight gain could be a bad factor of physical and mental health. In Korea, we have few studies related to them. Conclusion: It is required to do many-sided and deep studies about aspects of postpartum retention weight and the factor that effect on it. Postpartum retention weight should be approached by controling weight from the period of pregnancy. And it would rather be researched through individual approach considered women's various demographic, social-cultural and physical level than be required standardized level of weight gain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.205-212
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• 2004

Weight change in the postpartum period is a dominant concern of new mothers recently. Postpartum weight retention has important public health implications as well, because retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to longterm obesity and associated health risks. As traditional medical practitioners have managed some problems from postpartum weight retention, use some terms translated in Korean like as postpartumedema, obesity. But those have been not given any discuss objective and with evidences for nomenclature. Now reports review normal postpartum weight loss patterns, as well as risk factors for weight retention, ancient literatures, so practitioners can assist their patients in achieving a healthy postpartum weight.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

Objective Weight change in the postpartum period is a dominant concern of new mothers recently. Postpartum weight retention has important public health implication as well, because retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to long-term obesity and associated health risks. This study was designed to collect the latest papers and find more effective approach for postpartum obesity. Methods We searched 81 papers in English from PubMed and selected 41 in favor of our study. In addition to that, we searched 11 papers in Korean and 2 papers in Chinese. Results are as follows. Results and Conclusions These papers show that many different factors were related with postpartum weight retention. This study suggests that moderate weight gain during pregnancy is important to prevent postpartum obesity. Adequate caloric restriction and exercise are needed to prevent from postpartum weight retention. In addition, husbands, some relatives and friends are primary sources for postpartum female to lose and keep up weight. The effect of weight loss associated with lactation significantly differs from paper to paper. There are not many treatments for postpartum weight retention. So, more effective treatments using Korean traditional medicine must be improved even from now on. This study can offer many ideas to treat postpartum weight retention.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.13-19
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• 2009

In order to produce high quality paper at the lowest cost in high speed, typically various polyelectrolytes as retention aids were used. Retention systems such as single polymer system, dual polymer system, and microparticle system were used. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of retention, drainage, formation and fracture toughness depending on types of retention system, molecular weight of C-PAM and dosage sequences of agents. When single polymer system was applied, retention was increased with poor formation and drainage. When common microparticle system(C-PAM/bentonite) was used, high molecular weight PAM gave high retention and fast drainage, but poor formation. When the microparticle system with reverse dosage sequence(bentonite/C-PAM) was used, low molecular weight PAM gave high retention, fast drainage and good formation. When various retention agents were applied, fracture toughness was increased than that of blank. When using high molecular weight PAM and consequently causing excessive flocculation, fracture toughness was decreased.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 1998

Effect of cationic starches and anionic colloidal silica on retention and drainage characteristics of Compozil system was investigated. Depending upon the degree of substitution and molecular weight of cationic starches and morphological characteristics of anionic colloidal silica, retention and drainage properties of Compozil system were significantly influenced. When cationic starch addition level increased above a certain limit retention and stock freeness were decreased. To elucidate this an electrostatic coagulation mechanism occurring between unadsorbed starch molecules and anionic colloidal silica was proposed. Unstructured colloidal silica showed greater improvement in retention than structured colloidal silica. Cationic corn starches with different degree of substitution and molecular weights were prepared and their effect as a constituent of Compozil system was also evaluated. By controlling the molecular weight and degree of substitution of cationic corn starch it was possible to achieve significant improvement in fines retention. Cationic corn starch with higher degree of substitution maintained its retention efficiency even when the stock conductivity was increased. Turbidity measurement technique was found to be a simple and useful method to measure the retention characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.950-957
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate the effects of caffeine intake on Ca and P metabolism in ovariectomized rats. For this purpose, the ovariectomized female rats weighing 230.8$\pm$3.5g were divided into four groups, eight rats each ; control, low caffeine(LC), medium caffeine(MC)and high caffeine(HC) groups. They were supplied for six weeks with the caffeine of 0mg, 66.8mg, 167mg and 334mg per kilogram of diet, respectively, and the results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no significant differences in feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and body weight change among all of experimental groups. But liver weight(both total weight and weight/body weight) was significantly decreased by caffeine in MC group. 2) The weight of tibia was decreased by caffeine intake in MC and HC groups. But the length, Ca and P content of tibia and femur was not changed in all of caffeine groups. 3) Ca, PTH and calcitonin levels in serum were not affected by caffeine. While, serum P level in HC group was significantly increased as compared with the control. 4) The fecal excretion of Ca and P tended to be higher in the caffeine groups, and as the result, the absorption rate, retention and retention rate of Ca and P tended to be decreased. It was noteworthy that P retention was significantly lowered in HC group as compared with LC group. The results showed that, when caffeine was taken by ovarietomized rats, the weight of tibia was decreased and the retention rate of Ca and P tended to be lowered. Therefore, too much intake of caffeine for women whose bone mineral density of tibia is decreased after postmenopause seems to accelerate the decrease of bone mineral density due to the negative effect on metabolism of Ca and P.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.579-582
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• 1989

Previous experiments have shown that aqueous sodium silicate ingested in drinking water may modify the gastrointestinal uptake and(or) tissue retention of certain trace elements, including heavy metals. The present experiment tested, with a mineral balance trial using sheep, the hypothesis that dietary silicic acid could modify uptake, retention and(or) biological effects of dietary Cd. Twenty-four wethers were fed a fibrous diet of ground alfalfa hay and cottonseed hulls to which either 0 or 150 ppm Cd was added as $CdCl_2$ and 0, .5 or 1% silicic acid (as dry matter of the diet). Body weight, feed intake, excretion of urine (volume) and feces (weight), digestibility of dry and organic matter, retention of nitrogen, and packed cell volumes of blood were not affected by either Cd or silicic acid (P<.10). Cadmium decreased (P<.05) Ca retention and increased (P<.01) Mg retention. Silicic acid decreased (P<.05) K retention. Silicic acid failed (P<.01) to modify the retention of added dietary Cd. Body retention of K, Mn and Ni in response to silicic acid varied with Cd levels. If Cd is interfering with mineral retention, silicic acid may be effective in preventing this interference.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Reducing the effluent discharge from a paper mill is urgently needed due to tightening environmental regulations and economic reasons. For a paper mill to respond to system closure it is required to adopt the best practical retention system that enables the mill to improve fines retention and drainage. In this study, effects of various retention agents on fines retention, drainage and formation were examined using linerboard stock in the laboratory. Among the retention aids tested, high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamides showed good efficiency both in retention and drainage. On the other hand, high charge density, low molecular weight polymeric retention aids showed little improvement both in retention and drainage. The best retention system selected from the laboratory experiment was applied on a paper machine producing linerboard to evaluate its effect on papermaking system closure.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beverage temperature and composition on weight retention and fluid balance upon voluntary drinking following exercise induced-dehydration. Eight men who were not acclimated to heat participated in four randomly ordered testing sessions. In each session, the subjects ran on a treadmill in a chamber maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ without being supplied fluids until 2% body weight reduction was reached. After termination of exercise, they recovered for 90 min under ambient air conditions and received one of the following four test beverages: $10^{\circ}C$ water (10W), $10^{\circ}C$ sports drink (10S), $26^{\circ}C$ water (26W), and $26^{\circ}C$ sports drink (26S). They consumed the beverages ad libitum. The volume of beverage consumed and body weight were measured at 30, 60, and 90 min post-recovery. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise as well as at the end of recovery in order to measure plasma parameters and electrolyte concentrations. We found that mean body weight decreased by 1.8-2.0% following exercise. No differences in mean arterial pressure, plasma volume, plasma osmolality, and blood electrolytes were observed among the conditions. Total beverage volumes consumed were $1,164{\pm}388$, $1,505{\pm}614$, $948{\pm}297$, and $1,239{\pm}401$ ml for 10W, 10S, 26W, and 26S respectively ($P$ > 0.05). Weight retention at the end of recovery from dehydration was highest in 10S ($1.3{\pm}0.7kg$) compared to 10W ($0.4{\pm}0.5kg$), 26W ($0.4{\pm}0.4kg$), and ($0.6{\pm}0.4kg$) ($P$ < 0.005). Based on these results, carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing beverages at cool temperature were the most favorable for consumption and weight retention compared to plain water and moderate temperature beverages.