• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.101-102
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of restricted feeding to pullet on growth pattern and body composition. Conventional diets(C) was formulated by NRC recommendation, and one of restricted diet started from seven to seventeen week of age(T1), and another started from twelve to seventeen(T2) with adjusted eighty percentage amount of conventional diet. Body weight decreased with starting restriction of feeding comparing to the C(P＜0.05), but reached to similar weight in all treatments at twenty week regardless restriction. All of birds started to lay egg around 1,400 to 1,450gram of body weight though the age was in order of C, T2 and T1. Fat contents of restricted group in the body were less than that of C around one thousand gram of body weight. And the tendency of body fat was similar to the first egg. After twenty week, all content of body composition were similar in all treatments. The proportion of intestinal organ weight was higher in T1 than others during restriction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 1981

The objective of this study was to compare the electrolytes contents in skeletal muscles of two different groups of rats, one for control fed 20% casein diet, and the other experimental group recovered from 7% casein diet as protein restriction feeding for two weeks at the beginning of this experiment. Two different comparison criteria were used in this study, one for comparison between animals at the same age groups and the other between groups weighing same body weight as the control groups. Food consumption of animals for experimental and control groups were ad libitum. Following measurement and samples were collected: body weight, five different muscles-anterior tibialis (A.T.) extensor digitorium longus (E.D.L.) soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius-for electrolytes and protein analysis. The experimental groups showed lower body weight than that of control group. Same trend was showen in protein content in five different muscles. Magnesium and potassium content in four muscles except gastrocnemius showed lower and sodium higher in experimental groups than those in control group at fourteenth day, after recovery from protein restriction, electrolytes content change showed differently in four muscles. Magnesium and potassium contents were increased as protein content in diet. Sodium content decreased as one week intake of recovery diet started, thereafter it was rather slowly increased. Phosphorus content in gastrocnemius at the second week in experimental group was slightly lower than that of control group, and it recovered rapider while at the same body weight group it was higher in experimental group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.672-682
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic with and without feed restriction on broilers performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and feed cost of production from 1 to 56 days of age. Methods: Two hundred and forty unsexed one day-old chicks of Arbor Acres breed were used. Two trials, I and II, were conducted, with 120 birds in both. Each trial was divided into 4 equal groups. The birds in trial I were fed ad libitum throughout the experiment, while the chicks in trial II were fed ad libitum during the first week of age, then subjected to 5 hours/d of feed restriction from the beginning of the second week up to the end of the experiment. In both trials, the birds in group 1 were fed on a control diet while the other groups were given the same control diet supplemented either with a probiotic in group 2, prebiotic in group 3, or synbiotic in group 4. Results: It was found that chicks fed diets supplemented with probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic (with and without feed restriction) exhibited higher body weight and feed efficiency than chicks fed the control diets. The feed additives in both trials did not affect hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and total cholesterol, except the packed cell volume which was increased in the additive treatments with restriction at the end of the experiment. Moreover, the dietary treatments did not influence the carcass yield. However, the relative weights of liver, gizzard and proventriculus, small intestine and bursa of fabricius were found to be increased. The additives decreased the visible fat in the carcass, with more decreasing effect in the additive groups with restriction. The lowest feed cost per kg of weight gain was observed in the birds fed diets supplemented with synbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic. Feed restriction improved the feed conversion ratio, economic return, but decreased the feed intake, serum total cholesterol and visible fat in comparison with non-restricted groups. Conclusion: The biological feed additives could be routinely added to broiler diets, especially when a feed restriction program is followed. Finally, it can be recommended to restrict feed, and add probiotic or synbiotic to increase weight, improve feed conversion rate and reduce feed cost of production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.40-53
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• 1976

This study was designed to comparse the metabolic effects of Korean diet pattern which contained all-polished rice and 70% polished rice, and to compare dietary restriction. The results were as follows. 1. Food intake survey to catch the Korean diet pattern The calory intake showed women took much more than men and farm village was higher than city, However, protein intake showed men were higher than women and decrease gradually from city, fishing village, and farm village. Calcium intake showed Seoul was the first rank of all, but was merely 70% of recommended quantities. Fe intake was greatly short especially in women and vitamin C also showed same situation. In the view of food group intake, grains and potatoes were 70.06%, vegetables and fruits 13.05%, meats fishes and beans 11.99%, respectivelly. Oil and fat intake showed lowest percentage as 0.77%. 2. Nutritional experiments albino rats have been fed for 7 weeks with three different diet: all-polished rice diet, 70% polished rice diet, and the standard diet for contral group. Dietary restriction were at 4 levels: 5% , 10%, 15%, 20% in 70% polished rice det. Body weight of 70% polished rice group gained value compare to all polished rice group. In the final organ weight all-polished rice group and 70% polished rice group and 70% polished rice group revealed similar results, but organ weight almost decreased dued to dietary restriction and statistical data showed significant differences between dietary restriction group and none-restriction group. In the femur length, 70% polished rice group was longer than all polished rice group but there was no significant differences. The nitrogen content of liver and muscle of 70% polished rice group was higher than all-polished rice group. Furthermone there was significant differences in the female (P<0.1). In the 10% restriction group(female) and 15% restriction group(male), nitrogen retention was higher than 0% restriction group. The other biochemical analysis such as liver lipid, serum cholesterol, glucose of urine, feces and serum were not revealed any significant differences. As a result of studying, it seems clear that 70% polished rice intake influenced much nourshment to white rat growth than all-porished rice intake, and there is no significant influence to animal growth and metabolic effect even if it was restricted $5{\sim}10%$ of diet.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 1986

A new computer algorithm is described to order the restriction fragments of plasmid DNA which has been cleaved with several restriction endonucleases in single or double digestions rapidly with realistic error rates. The permutation and high weight on small fragments methods construct all logical circular map solutions. The program is written in Apple BASIC and run on an Apple II plus microcomputer with 64K memory. Several examples are presented which indicate the high efficiency of the profram in construction possible restriction map for YEp24.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of moderate caloric restriction on ${\beta}$-cell function and insulin sensitivity in middle-aged obese Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifty-seven obese pre-menopausal Korean women participated in a 12-week calorie restriction program. Data on total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, blood pressure, leptin and anthropometrics were collected. A dietary intake assessment was based on three days of food recording. Additionally, ${\beta}$-cell function [homeostasis model assessment of ${\beta}$-cell (HOMA-${\beta}$), insulinogenic index (ISI), C-peptide:glucose ratio, and area under curve insulin/glucose ($AUC_{ins/glu}$)] and insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and Matsuda index (MI)] were recorded. RESULTS: When calories were reduced by an average of 422 kcal/day for 12 weeks, BMI (-2.7%), body fat mass (-10.2%), and waist circumference (-5%) all decreased significantly (P < 0.05). After calorie restriction, weight, body fat percentage, hip circumference, BP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, plasma glucose at fasting, insulin at fasting and 120 min, $AUC_{glu}$ and the insulin area under the curve all decreased significantly (all P < 0.05), while insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, QUICKI and Matsuda index) measured by OGTT improved significantly (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate weight loss due to caloric restriction with reduction in insulin resistance improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in middle-aged obese women and thereby may help prevent the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.521-527
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• 2001

The effects of dietary restriction (DR) on antioxidant enzymes were studied in liver, lung and erythrocytes of diabetic rats. Experimental animals used Sprague-Dawley (SD; body weight 350$\pm$20g) male rats and Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETE; body weight 5--$\pm$30g) male rats, as a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes was induced in SD rats by intramuscular injection of alloxan (80 mg/kg BW). Animals were randomly assigned either to continue the ad libitum diet or 40% DR (60% intake of ad libitum diet) groups. The body weight was measured at every 2 weeks to 4 months following DR. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured in liver, lung and erythrocytes and the concentration of TBARS as a marker of reactive oxygen species-induced tissue injry was also measured in rats after 4 months 40% DR. The body weight 4 months after 40% DR of control SD, alloxian-diabetid SD and OLETE rats were 80%, 98% and 75% of each control groups, respectively. The activities of SOD, catalase and GSHPx in lung and erythrocytes of rats were not change by 40% DR but in 4 month 40% DR rat liver, the activities of SOD and catalase were increased in control SD, alloxan-diabetic SD, and OLETF groups. The concentration of TBARS in lung and erythrocytes was also not changed by 40% DR, while liver TBARS concentration was decreased in OLETF and control SD rats compared to each non-DR control rats. These results suggested that the body weight changes in diabetic rats by DR was more prominent in type 2 diabetes and changes of antioxidant enzymes is most prominent in liver by DR either type 1 and 2 diabetic rats.

• Archives of Obesity and Metabolism
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2022

Dietary therapy is one of the most important treatments for obesity. In general, it is difficult to maintain the recommended diet for weight control for a long time; therefore, it is difficult to achieve weight loss or maintain weight. Intermittent fasting has recently become one of the most popular diets for weight loss. Intermittent fasting is a strategy of repeating intermittent energy restriction and eating, unlike conventional diets of continuous calorie restriction. Studies on intermittent fasting have shown positive results not only in terms of weight loss but also improvement in metabolic indicators, such as glucose control and reduction of blood pressure. Therefore, it is important to maintain a long-term dietary strategy to prevent weight loss in obese individuals. The effect on weight loss was similar to that of an existing continuous energy-restricted diet. However, long term studies and safety data are still lacking, and large-scale studies with various populations are needed. If more evidence is secured for various individuals, it can be expected that intermittent fasting, including time-restricted eating, will be applied clinically in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1258-1265
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• 2007

Metabolizable energy (ME) required for basal metabolism, activity and growth was considered as the criterion for targeting specific increases in body weight (100 g/week) of broiler chicks during the grower phase (5-20 weeks) and its impact was evaluated on breeder performance. Broiler female chicks (460) from a synthetic dam line were randomly distributed to 4 test groups with 23 replicates of 5 birds each and housed in cages. The first group (ME-100) was offered a calculated amount of ME by providing a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) which increased with age and weight gain (133-294 kcal/bird/day). The other three groups were offered 10 or 20% less ME (ME-90 and ME-80, respectively) and 10% excess ME (ME-110) over the control group (ME-100). From 21 weeks of age, a single breeder diet (170 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was uniformly fed to all groups and the impact of grower ME restriction on breeder performance evaluated up to 58 weeks. The targeted body weight gain of 1,600 g in a 16-week period was achieved by pullets of the ME-100 group almost one week earlier by gaining 8.7 g more weight per week. However, pullets in the ME-90 group gained 1,571 g during the same period, which was closer to the targeted weight. At 20 weeks of age, the conversion efficiency of feed (5.21-5.37), ME (13.9-14.1 kcal/g weight gain) and protein (0.847-0.871 g/g weight gain), eviscerated meat yield, giblet and tibia weights were not influenced by ME restriction, but the weights of abdominal fat and liver were higher with increased ME intake. Reduction of ME by 10% in the grower period significantly delayed sexual maturity (169.3 d), but increased egg production (152.5 /bird) with better persistency. Improved conversion efficiency of feed, ME and protein per g egg content were also observed in this group up to 56 weeks. The fertility and hatchability at 58 weeks of age were higher in the ME-90 group compared to the control and 10% excess ME feeding. In conclusion, the present study revealed the possibility of achieving targeted weight gain in broiler growers by feeding measured quantities of ME during the rearing period with consequential benefits in breeder performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.240-245
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• 2010

The effects of controlled energy restriction and duration of pre-incubation egg holding on fertility, hatchability and hatch losses were evaluated in aged broiler breeders (64 wk). The energy (ME) required for maintenance, activity, growth and anticipated egg production was calculated and offered to a control group (283-471 kcal/kg) from 21-64 weeks of age. In three other groups, ME was quantitatively reduced either by 20% (SER; severe energy restriction) or 10% (MER; moderate energy restriction) and increased by10% (EEF; excess energy feeding) over the control group (CER; controlled energy restriction). Each diet was offered to 130 pullets in individual cages, and the quantity of ME increased with age. At the end of 64 weeks, fertile eggs were collected from each dietary group for 11 consecutive days and grouped under 4 holding periods based on the length of storage (2, 5, 8 or 11 d). The influence of energy regimes, egg holding intervals and their interaction was evaluated on fertility, hatch losses and hatchability. Broiler breeders maintained on SER regime (231-419 kcal/d) produced maximum number of eggs (993) followed by MER (819), CER (624) and EEF (438) during the 11-day period. The percent fertility and hatchability was significantly (p$\leq$0.05) higher in SER and MER groups compared to CER and EEF. However, energy regimes did not influence the loss in egg weight during pre-incubation storage, shell weight, shell thickness or hatch losses as dead germs and dead in shell. The improvement in hatchability in SER and MER groups appeared to be closely related to higher fertility and lower embryonic mortality. Holding of eggs for 11 days showed a linear loss in egg weight with the length of storage, but did not influence the fertility and hatch losses. The percent hatchability on eggs set was maximum when storage period was restricted to 5 days. The interaction between energy regimes and egg holding periods exhibited better hatchability results with SER regime when eggs were held for 5 days. Response to MER was not different from SER. It was obvious that energy restriction during production period had a positive influence on egg number, fertility and hatchability in aged breeders. At 64 weeks of age, holding of fertile eggs for 5 days prior to incubation was adequate for optimum hatchability in breeders.